{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T20:11:56Z","timestamp":1792699916570,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review examines representatives of organocyclophosphazenes that can act against tumor cells of the ovaries, prostate gland, mammary gland, and colon, etc., and have antimicrobial action against mycobacteria M. tuberculosis, Gram-positive bacteria B. cereus, Gram-negative bacteria K. pneumaniae, fungi of the genus Candida, and other microorganisms. Cyclomatric phosphazenes can be used as carriers of physiologically active substances and in the field of detection, as well as gels for wound surgery and drug delivery platforms. In gels, cyclophosphazenes are used as cross-linking agents. Cyclophosphazenes containing multiple bonds in organic radicals are proposed to be used in dentistry as additives to basic dental compositions. Particular attention in the review is paid to the cytotoxic and antimicrobial action of materials containing cyclophosphazenes and their advantages over commercial physiologically active substances. The review presents the prospects for the practical application of cyclophosphazenes containing various functional groups (chalcone, anthraquinone, pyrrolidine, morpholine, and ferrocene, etc.) in pharmaceuticals. The review may be of interest to researchers working in the field of organoelement chemistry, medicine, and pharmacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15020262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T10:53:22Z","timestamp":1739271202000},"page":"262","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Organocyclophosphazenes and Materials Based on Them for Pharmaceuticals and Biomedicine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8562-4696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavel","family":"Yudaev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Technology of Russia, Mendeleev University, Miusskaya Sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0419-5114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anton","family":"Tupikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Technology of Russia, Mendeleev University, Miusskaya Sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6072-8982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evgeniy","family":"Chistyakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Technology of Russia, Mendeleev University, Miusskaya Sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1038\/cgt.2017.9","article-title":"The most prevalent side effects of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin monotherapy in women with metastatic breast cancer: A systematic review of clinical trials","volume":"24","author":"Ansari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"2321","article-title":"Anticancer efficacy enhancement and attenuation of side effects of doxorubicin with titanium dioxide nanoparticles","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inter. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.annonc.a059220","article-title":"Paclitaxel-induced neuropathy","volume":"6","author":"Postma","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-6080(03)80052-1","article-title":"Cytostatic drugs","volume":"26","author":"Lipp","year":"2003","journal-title":"Side Eff. Drugs Annu."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antitumor anthraquinone analogues for multidrug resistant tumor cells","volume":"26","author":"Preobrazhenskaya","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Sci.-Tai."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12673","article-title":"Antibiotic treatment of biofilm infections","volume":"125","author":"Ciofu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Apmis"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wegrzynowska-Drzymalska, K., Mlynarczyk, D.T., Chelminiak-Dudkiewicz, D., Kaczmarek, H., Goslinski, T., and Ziegler-Borowska, M. (2022). Chitosan-Gelatin Films Cross-Linked with Dialdehyde Cellulose Nanocrystals as Potential Materials for Wound Dressings. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23179700"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2015.04.002","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles: A surface science insight","volume":"10","author":"Stellacci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2004.11.010","article-title":"Hardness and diametral tensile strength of a hybrid composite resin polymerized with different modes and immersed in ethanol or distilled water media","volume":"21","author":"Aguiar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/23337931.2018.1539623","article-title":"The effect of antimicrobial additives on the properties of dental glass-ionomer cements: A review","volume":"5","author":"Dimkov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomater. Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2021.338643","article-title":"Non-invasive wearable chemical sensors in real-life applications","volume":"1179","author":"Promphet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ica.2023.121524","article-title":"The new coumarin derivative cyclotetraphosphazene fluorometric chemosensor with reversible, high selective and sensitive for Fe3+ ion detection","volume":"553","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inorg. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piskun, Y.A., Ksendzov, E.A., Resko, A.V., Soldatov, M.A., Timashev, P., Liu, H., Vasilenko, I.V., and Kostjuk, S.V. (2023). Phosphazene Functionalized Silsesquioxane-Based Porous Polymer as Thermally Stable and Reusable Catalyst for Bulk Ring-Opening Polymerization of \u03b5-Caprolactone. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15051291"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bornosuz, N.V., Korotkov, R.F., Kolenchenko, A.A., Shapagin, A.V., Orlov, A.V., Gorbunova, I.Y., Kireev, V.V., and Sirotin, I.S. (2021). The Influence of Substituents in Phosphazene Catalyst-Flame Retardant on the Thermochemistry of Benzoxazine Curing. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13183111"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2023.128784","article-title":"Thermochemical and electrochemical CO2 reduction by a cyclophosphazene and triazine based inorganic\u2013organic hybrid nanoporous metal-free catalyst","volume":"350","author":"Das","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2022.122662","article-title":"Adsorption of Hg2+ on cyclophosphazene and triazine moieties based inorganic-organic hybrid nanoporous materials synthesized by microwave assisted method","volume":"306","author":"Das","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1080\/10426507.2021.1873338","article-title":"The first example of macrocyclic derivatives of cyclotetraphosphazene","volume":"196","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Relat. Elem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.146783","article-title":"Magnetic phosphazene porous organic polymer for efficient and selective recovery of rare earth elements from acidic wastewater","volume":"476","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11006","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.inorgchem.4c00379","article-title":"Coumarin\u2013Phosphazenes: Enhanced Photophysical Properties from Hybrid Materials","volume":"63","author":"Biryan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, B., Wu, M., Liu, Y., and Wei, S. (2023). Study on Flame Retardancy Behavior of Epoxy Resin with Phosphaphenanthrene Triazine Compound and Organic Zinc Complexes Based on Phosphonitrile. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28073069"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erkovan, A.O., Seifi, A., Aksoy, B.T., Zorlu, Y., Khataee, A., and \u00c7o\u015fut, B. (2023). Catalytic Activity of Zn(II) Coordination Polymer Based on a Cyclotriphosphazene-Functionalized Ligand for Removal of Organic Dyes. Catalysts, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal13040756"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, W., Li, Z., Liao, Q., Zhang, L., Kong, L., Yang, Z., and Xiang, M. (2023). Improving the Heat Resistance and Flame Retardancy of Epoxy Resin Composites by Novel Multifunctional Cyclophosphazene Derivatives. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15010059"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarychev, I.A., Sirotin, I.S., Borisov, R.S., Mu, J., Sokolskaya, I.B., Bilichenko, J.V., Filatov, S.N., and Kireev, V.V. (2019). Synthesis of Resorcinol-Based Phosphazene-Containing Epoxy Oligomers. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11040614"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sirotin, I.S., Sarychev, I.A., Vorobyeva, V.V., Kuzmich, A.A., Bornosuz, N.V., Onuchin, D.V., Gorbunova, I.Y., and Kireev, V.V. (2020). Synthesis of Phosphazene-Containing, Bisphenol A-Based Benzoxazines and Properties of Corresponding Polybenzoxazines. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12061225"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leng, B., Yang, J., Zhu, C., Wang, Z., Shi, C., Liu, Y., Zhang, H., Xu, W., and Liu, B. (2021). Synthesis of a Cyclophosphazene Derivative Containing Multiple Cyano Groups for Electron-Beam Irradiated Flame-Retardant Materials. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13203460"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayer-Gall, T., Plohl, D., Derksen, L., Lauer, D., Neldner, P., Ali, W., Fuchs, S., Gutmann, J.S., and Opwis, K. (2019). A Green Water-Soluble Cyclophosphazene as a Flame Retardant Finish for Textiles. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24173100"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/10426507.2022.2150850","article-title":"New fluorinated cyclophosphazenes: Synthesis, properties, applications","volume":"198","author":"Stakhanov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Relat. Elem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pilch-Pitera, B., Czachor-Jadacka, D., Byczy\u0144ski, \u0141., Dutkiewicz, M., Januszewski, R., Kowalczyk, K., Nowak, W.J., and Pojnar, K. (2024). Hexakis[p-(hydroxymethyl)phenoxy]cyclotriphosphazene as an Environmentally Friendly Modifier for Polyurethane Powder Coatings with Increased Thermal Stability and Corrosion Resistance. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17112672"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3658","DOI":"10.1021\/ja808517d","article-title":"Probing the Mechanism of the PCl5\u2212 Initiated Living Cationic Polymerization of the Phosphoranimine Cl3P=NSiMe3 using Model Compound Chemistry","volume":"131","author":"Blackstone","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2024.138526","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization and biological activities of nitrophenol-substituted phosphazene dendrimers","volume":"1312","author":"Gholamrezazadeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TB03081A","article-title":"Cyclotriphosphazene core-based dendrimers for biomedical applications: An update on recent advances","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2464","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.inorgchem.9b03334","article-title":"(Amino) cyclophosphazenes as multisite ligands for the synthesis of antitumoral and antibacterial silver (I) complexes","volume":"59","author":"Maisanaba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casella, G., Carlotto, S., Lanero, F., Mozzon, M., Sgarbossa, P., and Bertani, R. (2022). Cyclo- and Polyphosphazenes for Biomedical Applications. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27238117"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1007\/s40883-022-00278-7","article-title":"Recent Trends in the Development of Polyphosphazenes for Bio-applications","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Regen. Eng. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, G.-W., Rejinold, N.S., and Choy, J.-H. (2022). Polyphosphazene-Based Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232415993"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dagdag, O., and Kim, H. (2024). Progress in the Field of Cyclophosphazenes: Preparation, Properties, and Applications. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16010122"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2020.105428","article-title":"Design and characterization of dual responsive mesoporous silica nanoparticles for breast cancer targeted therapy","volume":"152","author":"Bhavsar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3258","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2020.1846621","article-title":"Synthesis and spectroscopic characterizations of hexakis [(1-(4\u2032-oxyphenyl)-3-(substituted-phenyl) prop-2-en-1-one)] cyclotriphosphazenes: Their in vitro cytotoxic activity, theoretical analysis and molecular docking studies","volume":"40","author":"Bahar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Struct. Dynam."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beytur, A., Tekin, \u00c7., \u00c7al\u0131\u015fkan, E., Tekin, S., Koran, K., G\u00f6rg\u00fcl\u00fc, A.O., and Sandal, S. (2022). Hexa-substituted cyclotriphosphazene derivatives containing hetero-ring chalcones: Synthesis, in vitro cytotoxic activity and their DNA damage determination. Bioorg. Chem., 127.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2022.105997"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2964(79)90137-3","article-title":"Antitumour activity of some cyclophosphazenes","volume":"15","author":"Labarre","year":"1979","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1693(01)00557-6","article-title":"AIDS-related lymphoma screen results and molecular structure determination of a new crown ether bearing aziridinylcyclophosphazene, potentially capable of ion-regulated DNA cleavage action","volume":"322","author":"Brandt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Inorg. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/10426507.2019.1618297","article-title":"Solvent free synthesis of three cyclotriphosphazene derivatives containing piperazine substituents using microwave irradiation. Spectral, theoretical, solution and docking studies","volume":"195","author":"Hakimi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Relat. Elem"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4221","DOI":"10.1007\/s11164-015-2271-3","article-title":"Phosphorus\u2013nitrogen compounds part 33: In vitro cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities, DNA interactions, syntheses, and structural investigations of new mono (4-nitrobenzyl) spirocyclotriphosphazenes","volume":"42","author":"Dal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res. Chem. Inter."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2023.135209","article-title":"Syntheses of tetrachloro and tetraamino (2-furanylmethyl) spiro (N\/N) cyclotriphosphazenes: Chemical, structural elucidation, antiproliferative and antimigratory activity studies","volume":"1282","author":"Tayhan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1080\/10426507.2023.2242995","article-title":"Bis (2-furanylmethyl) monospiro (N\/N) cyclotriphosphazenes: Synthesis, structural characterization, antiproliferative, and antimigratory activity studies","volume":"198","author":"Bilgin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Relat. Elem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2022.132438","article-title":"The bioactive new type paraben decorated dispiro-cyclotriphosphaze compounds: Synthesis, characterization and cytotoxic activity studies","volume":"1255","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ica.2022.121002","article-title":"The first mono anthraquinone substituted monospiro cyclotriphosphazene derivatives and their effects on non-small cell lung cancer cells","volume":"539","author":"Turhal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inorg. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1097\/FPC.0b013e32833ffb56","article-title":"Doxorubicin pathways: Pharmacodynamics and adverse effects","volume":"21","author":"Thorn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacog. Genom."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koran, K., \u00c7al\u0131\u015fkan, E., \u00d6zt\u00fcrk, D.A., \u00c7apan, \u0130., Tekin, S., Sandal, S., and G\u00f6rg\u00fcl\u00fc, A.O. (2023). The first peptide derivatives of dioxybiphenyl-bridged spiro cyclotriphosphazenes: In vitro cytotoxicity activities and DNA damage studies. Bioorg. Chem., 132.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2022.106338"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chinnadurai, R.K., Khan, N., Meghwanshi, G.K., Ponne, S., Althobiti, M., and Kumar, R. (2023). Current research status of anti-cancer peptides: Mechanism of action, production, and clinical applications. Biomed. Pharmacother., 164.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114996"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, M., Liu, D., and Yang, Y. (2020). Anti-cancer peptides: Classification, mechanism of action, reconstruction and modification. Open Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.200004"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6150","DOI":"10.1002\/aoc.6150","article-title":"The comparative reactions of 2-cis-4-ansa and spiro cyclotetraphosphazenes with difunctional ligands: Structural and stereogenic properties, electrochemical, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity studies","volume":"35","author":"Elmas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Organometal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jorganchem.2017.10.025","article-title":"Phosphorus-nitrogen compounds. part 38. Syntheses, characterizations, cytotoxic, antituberculosis and antimicrobial activities and DNA interactions of spirocyclotetraphosphazenes with bis-ferrocenyl pendant arms","volume":"853","author":"Elmas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Organometal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ornelas, C., and Astruc, D. (2023). Ferrocene-Based Drugs, Delivery Nanomaterials and Fenton Mechanism: State of the Art, Recent Developments and Prospects. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15082044"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4988","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.201700497","article-title":"Antiproliferative Effects against A549, Hep3B and FL Cell Lines of Cyclotriphosphazene-Based Novel Protic Molten Salts: Spectroscopic, Crystallographic and Thermal Results","volume":"2","year":"2017","journal-title":"ChemistrySelect"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"533","article-title":"Phosphorus-nitrogen compounds. Part 48. Syntheses of the phosphazenium salts containing 2-pyridyl pendant arm: Structural characterizations, thermal analysis, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity studies","volume":"59","author":"Elmas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2023.104695","article-title":"Enhanced drug carrier capacity after post modification process for amino acid substitute phosphazene based microspheres with anticancer activity","volume":"86","author":"Ozsoy","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Drug. Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2007.08.001","article-title":"Nanoparticles for drug delivery: The need for precision in reporting particle size parameters","volume":"69","author":"Gaumet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2023.107116","article-title":"Self-assembled silibinin-containing phosphazene\/cystamine hybrid nanospheres as biodagradable dual-drug carriers with improved anticancer activity on a breast cancer cell line","volume":"37","author":"Ozsoy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2020.10.016","article-title":"Application and Importance of Theranostics in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer","volume":"52","author":"Jeyamogan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwon, N., Kim, K.H., Park, S., Cho, Y., Park, E.Y., Lim, J., and Yoon, J. (2022). Hexa-BODIPY-cyclotriphosphazene based nanoparticle for NIR fluorescence\/photoacoustic dual-modal imaging and photothermal cancer therapy. Biosen. Bioelectron., 216.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2022.114612"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"679","article-title":"POxylation as an alternative stealth coating for biomedical applications","volume":"88","author":"Bludau","year":"2017","journal-title":"EPJ"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stephanie, F., Saragih, M., and Tambunan, U.S.F. (2021). Recent Progress and Challenges for Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13050592"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1515\/jbcpp-2020-0415","article-title":"Analysis of the side effect of QTc interval prolongation in the bedaquiline regimen in drug resistant tuberculosis patients","volume":"32","author":"Ardhianto","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"193","article-title":"Syntheses of Hexaminomonoferrocenylspiro (N\/O) cyclotetraphosphazenes: Spectral Properties and Antituberculosis Activities","volume":"43","author":"Binici","year":"2022","journal-title":"CSJ"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6856","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NJ00577C","article-title":"Phosphorus\u2013nitrogen compounds. Part 42. The comparative syntheses of 2-cis-4-ansa (N\/O) and spiro (N\/O) cyclotetraphosphazene derivatives: Spectroscopic and crystallographic characterization, antituberculosis and cytotoxic activity studies","volume":"43","author":"Binici","year":"2019","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumari, A., and Singh, R.K. (2020). Morpholine as ubiquitous pharmacophore in medicinal chemistry: Deep insight into the structure-activity relationship (SAR). Bioorg. Chem., 96.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2020.103578"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5588","DOI":"10.1039\/C6NJ00204H","article-title":"Phosphorus\u2013nitrogen compounds. Part 35. Syntheses, spectroscopic and electrochemical properties, and antituberculosis, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of mono-ferrocenyl-spirocyclotetraphosphazenes","volume":"40","author":"Elmas","year":"2016","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s11426-018-9348-5","article-title":"Redox-responsive ferrocene-containing poly (ionic liquid) s for antibacterial applications","volume":"62","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. China Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s10870-020-00851-4","article-title":"Synthesis of Bis (2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1,4-butanedialkoxy)-2-trans-6-bis (4-fluorobenzyl) spirocyclotetraphosphazene: Structural Characterization, Biological Activity and DFT Studies","volume":"51","author":"Elmas","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Chem. Crystallogr."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ica.2022.121001","article-title":"Phosphorus-nitrogen compounds. Part 62. Preparation of tetraaminobis (4-fluorobenzyl) spiro (N\/N) cyclotriphosphazenes: Chemical, structural characterizations, antimicrobial, antioxidant and DNA-binding activity studies","volume":"538","author":"Elmas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inorg. Chim. Acta."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/10426507.2020.1818241","article-title":"The reactions of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene with piperidine, N-(1-naphthyl) ethylenediamine and 2-(2-hydroxyethylamino) ethanol. Antimicrobial activities of iminodiethoxy-substituted cyclotriphosphazene derivatives","volume":"196","author":"Kaygusuz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Relat. Elem."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1080\/10426507.2020.1723096","article-title":"Synthesis, structural characterization and antimicrobial activities of cyclochlorotriphosphazene derivatives derived from N-(1-Naphthyl) ethylenediamine","volume":"195","author":"Ture","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Relat. Elem."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3140","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.5b01912","article-title":"Antibacterial diamines targeting bacterial membranes","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1080\/00914037.2019.1706514","article-title":"Novel hydrogels based on crosslinked chitosan with formyl-phosphazene using Schiff-base reaction","volume":"70","author":"Ozay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gholivand, K., Mohammadpour, M., Derakhshankhah, H., Samadian, H., Aghaz, F., Malekshah, R.E., and Rahmatabadi, S. (2023). Composites based on alginate containing formylphosphazene-crosslinked chitosan and its Cu (II) complex as an antibiotic-free antibacterial hydrogel dressing with enhanced cytocompatibility. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 253.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.127297"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yudaev, P., Butorova, I., Chuev, V., Posokhova, V., Klyukin, B., and Chistyakov, E. (2023). Wound gel with antimicrobial effects based on polyvinyl alcohol and functional aryloxycyclotriphosphazene. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15132831"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1080\/10426507.2014.999860","article-title":"A Ph-sensitive drug carrier based on maleic acid-substituted cyclotriphosphazene","volume":"190","author":"Qiu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Relat. Elem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uslu, A., T\u00fcmay, S.O., and Ye\u015filot, S. (2022). Fluorescent materials based on phosphazene derivatives and their applications: Sensors and optoelectronic devices. J. Photochem. Photobio C, 53.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochemrev.2022.100553"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1007\/s13233-018-6092-2","article-title":"Crosslinked polyphosphazene nanospheres with anticancer quercetin: Synthesis, spectroscopic, thermal properties, and controlled drug release","volume":"26","year":"2018","journal-title":"Macromol. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbas, Y., Akhtar, N., Ghaffar, S., Al-Sulami, A.I., Asad, M., Mazhar, M.E., and Wu, Z. (2022). Cyclophosphazene Intrinsically Derived Heteroatom (S,N,P,O)-Doped Carbon Nanoplates for Ultrasensitive Monitoring of Dopamine from Chicken Samples. Biosensors, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12121106"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1021\/jo202056t","article-title":"Three Rhodamine-based \u201coff\u2013on\u201d Chemosensors with high selectivity and sensitivity for Fe3+ imaging in living cells","volume":"77","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.1021\/ic402783x","article-title":"Phosphazene based multicentered naked-eye fluorescent sensor with high selectivity for Fe3+ ions","volume":"53","author":"Kagit","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2011.04.072","article-title":"Facile synthesis and characterization of rhodamine-based colorimetric and \u201coff\u2013on\u201d fluorescent chemosensor for Fe3+","volume":"157","author":"Yin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chistyakov, E., Yudaev, P., and Nelyubina, Y. (2022). Crystallization of Nano-Sized Macromolecules by the Example of Hexakis-[4-{(N-Allylimino)methyl}phenoxy]cyclotriphosphazene. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12132268"},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"(2019). Dentistry\u2013Polymer-Based Restorative Materials (Standard No. ISO 4049:2019)."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2014.07.050","article-title":"Synthesis of iodine-containing cyclophosphazenes for using as radiopacifiers in dental composite resin","volume":"43","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2012.04.026","article-title":"Incorporation of an antibacterial and radiopaque monomer in to dental resin system","volume":"28","author":"He","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1134\/S1560090422020129","article-title":"Methacrylate-Containing Phosphazene Oligomers","volume":"64","author":"Sirotin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polym. Sci. Ser. B"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.35164\/0554-2901-2022-3-4-30-33","article-title":"Synthesis of phosphazene methacrylate oligomers and their use for modification of dental composite materials","volume":"3\u20134","author":"Bilichenko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plast. Massy."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chistyakov, E.M., Kolpinskaya, N., Posokhova, V., and Chuev, V. (2020). Dental Composition Modified with Aryloxyphosphazene Containing Carboxyl Groups. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12051176"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2017-0311","article-title":"Nanosized carriers based on amphiphilic poly-N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone for intranuclear drug delivery","volume":"13","author":"Luss","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roy, S.M., Garg, V., Sivaraman, S.P., Barman, S., Ghosh, C., Bag, P., Mohanasundaram, P., Maji, P.S., Basu, A., and Dirisala, A. (2023). Overcoming the barriers of nuclear-targeted drug delivery using nanomedicine-based strategies for enhanced anticancer therapy. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol., 83.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2023.104408"}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/15\/2\/262\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:31:25Z","timestamp":1760027485000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/15\/2\/262"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["biom15020262"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom15020262","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]}}}