{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T16:17:39Z","timestamp":1780503459654,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The role of natural killer (NK) cells in the management of prostate cancer (PCa) remains incompletely understood. Some have proposed that measuring NK cells in blood samples could serve as a reliable, minimally invasive tool for screening, assessing treatment effects, and predicting survival outcomes in PCa patients. However, the significance of different NK cell phenotypes remains unclear. Given the interplay between NK cells and the microbiome, we hypothesize that a combined signature of NK cell phenotypes derived from blood, along with microbiome profiles from oral, urine, and stool samples, could serve as a surrogate marker for NK cell activity in tumor and its microenvironment. Such an approach provides a practical alternative to invasive tumor biopsies by enabling the indirect assessment of NK cell function in tumors. Additionally, profiling NK cell phenotypes and their interactions with the microbiota has the potential to enhance prognostic accuracy and guide the development of personalized therapeutic strategies. Prospective studies are needed to validate the utility of NK cell and microbiome assays in personalized PCa management, with a focus on minimally invasive procedures and predictive signatures for treatment outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15020273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T04:03:35Z","timestamp":1739419415000},"page":"273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["NK Cell-Microbiota Interaction Biomarker Strategy: Advancing Prostate Cancer Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9977-5479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Fanijavadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Polyclinic, Levanger Hospital, 7601 Levanger, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Oncology, Vejle Hospital, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, 7100 Vejle, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7476-671X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Torben Fr\u00f8strup","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Vejle Hospital, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, 7100 Vejle, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Oncology, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, 7100 Vejle, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8895-6394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed Hussein","family":"Zedan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Vejle Hospital, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, 7100 Vejle, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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