{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T16:40:13Z","timestamp":1790700013259,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","award":["SPP 2127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SPP 2127"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Retinal M\u00fcller glial cells (RMG) play a crucial role in retinal neuroinflammation, including autoimmune uveitis. Increasing evidence supports their function as active modulators of immune responses and potential atypical antigen-presenting cells (APCs). To further investigate this hypothesis, we conducted a differential proteome analysis of primary equine RMG from healthy controls and horses with equine recurrent uveitis (ERU), a spontaneous model of autoimmune uveitis. This analysis identified 310 proteins with differential abundance. Among these, the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class II and the enzyme Arginase 1 (ARG1) were significantly enriched in RMG from uveitis-affected horses, whereas Mannose Receptor C-type 2 (MRC2) and its interactor Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) were more abundant in healthy RMG. The detection of MHC class II in equine RMG, consistent with previous studies, validates the robustness of our approach. Furthermore, the identification of ARG1 and MRC2, together with THBS1, provides new insights into the immunomodulatory and antigen-presenting properties of RMG. Immunohistochemical analyses confirmed the proteomic findings and revealed the spatial distribution of ARG1 and MRC2. ARG1 and MRC2 are thus markers for RMG in the neuroinflammatory or physiological milieu and highlight potential differences in the immune function of RMG, particularly in antigen presentation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15020288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T11:14:41Z","timestamp":1739531681000},"page":"288","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Differential Expression of ARG1 and MRC2 in Retinal M\u00fcller Glial Cells During Autoimmune Uveitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Amelie B.","family":"Fleischer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Amann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"von Toerne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolomics and Proteomics Core, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-80939 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2680-7227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roxane L.","family":"Degroote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2462-2675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Schmalen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Wei\u00dfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie M.","family":"Hauck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolomics and Proteomics Core, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-80939 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0375-3190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cornelia A.","family":"Deeg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-06111-5","article-title":"TGR5 supresses cGAS\/STING pathway by inhibiting GRP75-mediated endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondrial coupling in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.10.8","article-title":"The Role of M\u00fcller Cells in Diabetic Macular Edema","volume":"64","author":"Lai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Investig. 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