{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T19:45:34Z","timestamp":1788291934239,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Space Agency (Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt; DLR)","award":["50WB2219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["50WB2219"]}]},{"name":"German Space Agency (Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt; DLR)","award":["50WK2270G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["50WK2270G"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Prostate cancer (PC) is the most diagnosed cancer in males across the globe. Following the formation of metastasis, PC is linked to a notable decline in both prognosis and survival rates. Three-dimensional multicellular spheroids (MCSs) of a prostate adenocarcinoma cell line were generated in a three-day simulated microgravity environment (s-\u00b5g) to serve as a model for metastasis and to derive transcriptional and epigenetic PC candidates from molecular biological changes. With an FDR of 10\u22123, we detected the most differentially expressed genes in the two comparisons\u2019 adherent cells (AD) to MCSs (N = 751 genes) and 1g control cells to MCSs (N = 662 genes). In these two comparisons, genes related to cell cycle, angiogenesis, cell adhesion, and extracellular space were consistently found to be significantly enriched in GO annotations. Furthermore, at a 5% FDR significance level, we were able to identify 11,090 genome-wide differentially methylated positions (DMPs) and one differentially methylated region in the SRMS gene in the 1g vs. AD comparison, as well as an additional 10,797 DMPs in the 1g vs. MCSs comparison. Finally, we identified five s-\u00b5g-related positive enrichments of transcription factor binding sites for AR, IRF1, IRF2, STAT1, STAT2, and FOXJ3 close to the DMPs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15020303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T08:36:19Z","timestamp":1739867779000},"page":"303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Omics Investigations of Prostate Cancer Cells Exposed to Simulated Microgravity Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0226-964X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Herbert","family":"Schulz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"Research Group \u201cMagdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft f\u00fcr Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen\u201d (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4488-1431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatima","family":"Abdelfattah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Heinrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Melnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"Research Group \u201cMagdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft f\u00fcr Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen\u201d (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viviann","family":"Sandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1120-0246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcus","family":"Kr\u00fcger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"Research Group \u201cMagdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft f\u00fcr Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen\u201d (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8160-859X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Wehland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"Research Group \u201cMagdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft f\u00fcr Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen\u201d (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6573-983X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Per","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4646-9520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Cort\u00e9s-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group \u201cMagdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft f\u00fcr Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen\u201d (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Stra\u00dfe 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Evert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Pathology, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0984-5563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katja","family":"Evert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Pathology, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4991-3105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Grimm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"Research Group \u201cMagdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft f\u00fcr Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen\u201d (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"Prostate pathology: What is new in the 2022 WHO classification of urinary and male genital tumors?","volume":"115","author":"Surintrspanont","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathologica"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.22742","article-title":"Distribution of metastatic sites in patients with prostate cancer: A population-based analysis","volume":"74","author":"Gandaglia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"American Cancer Society (2024, December 01). 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