{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T19:58:57Z","timestamp":1787428737769,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Mental Health","award":["R01MH106553"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH106553"]}]},{"name":"APA Dissertation Research Award","award":["R01MH106553"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH106553"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Maternal immune activation (MIA)\u2014infection with an immunogen during pregnancy\u2014is linked to an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) in offspring. Both MIA and NDDs are associated with developmental delays in offsprings\u2019 motor behavior. Therefore, the current study examined the effects of MIA on neonatal reflex development in male and female offspring. Sprague Dawley rats were administered lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 50 \u03bcg\/mL\/kg, i.p.) or saline on embryonic day (E)15 of gestation. The offspring were then tested daily from postnatal day (P)3\u2013P21 to determine their neonatal reflex abilities. The maternal care behaviors of the dam were also quantified on P1\u2013P5, P10, and P15. We found that, regardless of sex, the E15 LPS offspring were able to forelimb grasp, cliff avoid, and right with a correct posture at an earlier postnatal age than the E15 saline offspring did. The E15 LPS offspring also showed better performance of forelimb grasping, hindlimb grasping, righting with correct posture, and walking with correct posture than the E15 saline offspring did. There were no significant differences in maternal licking\/grooming, arched-back nursing, non-arched-back nursing, or total nursing across the E15 groups. Overall, these findings suggest that MIA with LPS on E15 accelerates reflex development in offspring without affecting maternal care. This may be explained by the stress acceleration hypothesis, whereby early-life stress accelerates development to promote survival.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15030347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T04:28:18Z","timestamp":1740716898000},"page":"347","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Prenatal Maternal Immune Activation with Lipopolysaccharide Accelerates the Developmental Acquisition of Neonatal Reflexes in Rat Offspring Without Affecting Maternal Care Behaviors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5222-053X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary Beth","family":"Hall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elise A.","family":"Lemanski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaclyn M.","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"183","article-title":"Maternal infection during pregnancy and schizophrenia","volume":"33","author":"Boksa","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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