{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T11:30:53Z","timestamp":1785583853331,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel\u2014CAPES","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel\u2014CAPES","award":["310168\/2022-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310168\/2022-8"]}]},{"name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel\u2014CAPES","award":["2018\/26166-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/26166-6"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development\u2014CNPq","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development\u2014CNPq","award":["310168\/2022-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310168\/2022-8"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development\u2014CNPq","award":["2018\/26166-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/26166-6"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation\u2014FAPESP","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation\u2014FAPESP","award":["310168\/2022-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310168\/2022-8"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation\u2014FAPESP","award":["2018\/26166-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/26166-6"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Head and neck cancer (HNC) is one of the most common types of cancer in the world, characterized by resistance to conventional therapies and an unfavorable prognosis due to the presence of tumor stem cells (TSCs). TSCs are cell subpopulations with high potential for invasion, migration, and metastasis, being responsible for the initiation and dissemination of cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of treatments with cetuximab and paclitaxel, alone and in combination, in TSCs from oral cavity (SCC-28) and hypopharynx (FADU) cancer cell lines. In addition, the influence of the gene and protein expression of EGFR, NTRK2 (TRKB), KRAS, and HIF-1\u03b1 on the response to treatments was investigated. TSCs were identified based on ALDH staining, and cell viability assays (MTS) indicated that both TSCs and non-TSCs showed resistance to cetuximab monotherapy, while paclitaxel, either alone or in combination with cetuximab, was more effective in reducing cell viability. Real-time PCR and Western blot analysis revealed increased expression of KRAS and HIF-1\u03b1 in TSCs, suggesting their possible association with treatment resistance. The results of this study point to specific molecular factors that influence therapeutic responses in HNC, with an emphasis on the efficacy of drug combinations to overcome TSC resistance. The identification of these molecular mechanisms may provide guidelines for the development of more targeted and effective therapies against HNC, improving clinical management and patient prognoses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15030352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T04:28:18Z","timestamp":1740716898000},"page":"352","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Cetuximab and Paclitaxel Drug Response in Head and Neck Tumor Stem Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3349-0531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vilson","family":"Serafim J\u00fanior","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit [UPGEM], Faculty of Medicine of S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto [FAMERP], Avenida Brigadeiro Faria Lima, number 5416, Vila S\u00e3o Pedro, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do 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Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3552-6259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline Izak","family":"Cuzziol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit [UPGEM], Faculty of Medicine of S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto [FAMERP], Avenida Brigadeiro Faria Lima, number 5416, Vila S\u00e3o Pedro, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto 15090-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5506-8155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rcia Maria Urbanin","family":"Castanhole-Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit [UPGEM], Faculty of Medicine of S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto [FAMERP], Avenida Brigadeiro Faria Lima, number 5416, Vila S\u00e3o Pedro, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto 15090-000, SP, 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