{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:56:40Z","timestamp":1760057800492,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development\u2014Core Research for Evolutionary Medical Science and Technology (AMED-CREST)","award":["JP23gm1710006","JP23H03838"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23gm1710006","JP23H03838"]}]},{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research KAKENHI","award":["JP23gm1710006","JP23H03838"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23gm1710006","JP23H03838"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Graves\u2019 disease (GD) is an autoimmune disorder that can be difficult to distinguish from other diseases due to symptom similarity. The exacerbation of GD owing to delayed diagnosis is a serious issue, and a novel accessible health screening system is needed. Therefore, this study investigated the association between GD and thyroid hormone levels in women\u2019s hair and evaluated the prediction accuracy of this non-invasive type of sample. By optimizing pretreatment and analysis techniques using liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (LC-MS), free triiodothyronine (FT3) and thyroxine (FT4) could be detected in only 2 mg of hair with high sensitivity. Compared with healthy controls, the thyroid hormone levels in the hair of GD patients were significantly higher in correlation with blood levels. The predictive ability of hair thyroid hormones was analyzed using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and the optimal cut-off value was determined via the Youden index. As a result, the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.974 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.935\u20131.000) for FT3 and 0.900 (95% CI: 0.807\u20130.993) for FT4. The cut-off value was 0.133 pg\/mg (sensitivity: 91.2%; specificity: 100%; positive predictive value (PPV): 100%; negative predictive value (NPV): 76.9%) for FT3 and 0.067 pg\/mg (sensitivity: 70.6%; specificity: 100%; PPV: 100%; NPV: 50.0%) for FT4. Collectively, our new approach offers the possibility of accurately and non-invasively detecting GD using hair samples. Since hair can be stored and transported at room temperature, this system facilitates large-scale screening at locations including hair salons and homes, potentially enabling the early determination of GD outside of medical facilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15030353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T04:10:42Z","timestamp":1740975042000},"page":"353","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Application of Thyroid Hormones in Women\u2019s Hair for the Non-Invasive Prediction of Graves\u2019 Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Kouhei","family":"Igarashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biomolecule Analysis, Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa Kamatari, Kisarazu 292-0818, Japan"},{"name":"R&D Office, Aderans Co., Ltd., 1-26-6 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0022, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chie","family":"Takita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biomolecule Analysis, Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa Kamatari, Kisarazu 292-0818, Japan"},{"name":"R&D Office, Aderans Co., Ltd., 1-26-6 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0022, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masako","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ito Hospital, 4-3-6 Jingu-mae, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8308, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wataru","family":"Kitagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Ito Hospital, 4-3-6 Jingu-mae, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8308, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Atsuko","family":"Ota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D Office, Aderans Co., Ltd., 1-26-6 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0022, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naoko","family":"Miyazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory Division, Ito Hospital, 4-3-6 Jingu-mae, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8308, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koichi","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Ito Hospital, 4-3-6 Jingu-mae, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8308, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9247-4593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazutaka","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biomolecule Analysis, Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa Kamatari, Kisarazu 292-0818, Japan"},{"name":"Laboratory of Omics and Informatics, Department of Molecular and Chemical Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00030.2013","article-title":"Thyroid hormone regulation of metabolism","volume":"94","author":"Mullur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. 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