{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T05:49:36Z","timestamp":1787636976021,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["4R33MH118174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4R33MH118174"]}]},{"name":"Neurosurgery Department at Anschutz Medical Campus","award":["4R33MH118174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4R33MH118174"]}]},{"name":"Chancellor Innovation Award","award":["4R33MH118174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4R33MH118174"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Identifying reliable biomarkers in peripheral blood is critical for advancing the diagnosis and management of multiple sclerosis (MS), particularly given the invasive nature of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sampling. This review explores the role of B cells and immunoglobulins (Igs), particularly IgG and IgM, as biomarkers for MS. B cell oligoclonal bands (OCBs) in the CSF are well-established diagnostic tools, yet peripheral biomarkers remain underdeveloped. Emerging evidence highlights structural and functional variations in immunoglobulin that may correlate with disease activity and progression. A recent novel discovery of blood IgG aggregates in MS patients that fail to bind Protein A reveals promising diagnostic potential and confirms previous findings of the unique features of immunoglobulin G in MS and the potential link between the superantigen Protein A and MS. These aggregates, enriched in IgG1 and IgG3 subclasses, exhibit unique structural properties, including mutations in the framework region 3 (FR3) of IGHV3 genes, and are associated with complement-dependent neuronal apoptosis. Data based on ELISA have demonstrated that IgG aggregates in plasma can distinguish MS patients from healthy controls and other central nervous system (CNS) disorders with high accuracy and differentiate between disease subtypes. This suggests a role for IgG aggregates as non-invasive biomarkers for MS diagnosis and monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15030369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T03:26:21Z","timestamp":1741058781000},"page":"369","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["IgG Biomarkers in Multiple Sclerosis: Deciphering Their Puzzling Protein A Connection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Leonard","family":"Apeltsin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anomaly Insights, 500 7th Ave, Floor 8, New York, NY 10028, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4850-8586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: 2023 update","volume":"4","author":"Kuhlmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Free Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30470-2","article-title":"Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria","volume":"17","author":"Thompson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deisenhammer, F., Zetterberg, H., Fitzner, B., and Zettl, U.K. (2019). 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