{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T20:28:05Z","timestamp":1791404885505,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":158,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,8]],"date-time":"2025-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Short bowel syndrome (SBS), usually resulting from massive small bowel resections or congenital defects, may lead to intestinal failure (IF), requiring intravenous fluids and parenteral nutrition to preserve patients\u2019 nutritional status. Approximately 15% to 40% of subjects with SBS and IF develop chronic hepatic damage during their life, a condition referred to as intestinal-failure-associated liver disease (IFALD), which ranges from steatosis to fibrosis or end-stage liver disease. Parenteral nutrition has been largely pointed out as the main pathogenetic factor for IFALD. However, other elements, such as inflammation, bile acid metabolism, bacterial overgrowth and gut dysbiosis also contribute to the development of liver damage and may deserve specific treatment strategies. Indeed, in our review, we aim to explore IFALD pathogenesis beyond parenteral nutrition. By critically analyzing recent literature, we seek to delve with molecular mechanisms and metabolic pathways underlying liver damage in such a complex set of patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15030388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T08:46:41Z","timestamp":1741596401000},"page":"388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Intestinal-Failure-Associated Liver Disease: Beyond Parenteral Nutrition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8192-631X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Mignini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMAD Digestive Diseases Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Piccirilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMAD Digestive Diseases Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Di Vincenzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMAD Digestive Diseases Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Covello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMAD Digestive Diseases Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Pizzoferrato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMAD Digestive Diseases Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Esposto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMAD Digestive Diseases Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Galasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMAD Digestive Diseases Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaele","family":"Borriello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMAD Digestive Diseases Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7372-9714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Gabrielli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMAD Digestive Diseases Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Elena","family":"Ainora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMAD Digestive Diseases Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6230-1779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Gasbarrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMAD Digestive Diseases Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0814-9542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Assunta","family":"Zocco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMAD Digestive Diseases Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. 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