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It is now increasingly accepted that this dynamic disease process is multifactorial; involves a variety of immune cells which contribute to an inflamed pancreatic microenvironment; and that the condition is heterogenous, resulting in variable rates of subsequent beta cell damage. In this review, we will explore the current understanding of the cellular interactions between both resident and infiltrating immune cells within the pancreatic environment, highlighting key mechanisms which may promote the beta cell destruction and islet damage associated with T1D.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15030441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T09:18:26Z","timestamp":1742375906000},"page":"441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Tissue Resident and Infiltrating Immune Cells: Their Influence on the Demise of Beta Cells in Type 1 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9613-4534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie L.","family":"Walker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, RILD Building (Level 4), Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4013-0040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pia","family":"Leete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, RILD Building (Level 4), Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Boldison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, RILD Building (Level 4), Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-1419","article-title":"Staging presymptomatic type 1 diabetes: A scientific statement of JDRF, the Endocrine Society, and the American Diabetes Association","volume":"38","author":"Insel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-0315","article-title":"Human beta-cell killing by autoreactive preproinsulin-specific CD8 T cells is predominantly granule-mediated with the potency dependent upon T-cell receptor avidity","volume":"62","author":"Knight","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burrack, A.L., Martinov, T., and Fife, B.T. 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