{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T09:31:16Z","timestamp":1787823076810,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation, Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-66\/2024-03\/200177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-66\/2024-03\/200177"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation, Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-66\/2024-03\/200007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-66\/2024-03\/200007"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation, Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-66\/2024-03\/200168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-66\/2024-03\/200168"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation, Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200177"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation, Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200007"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation, Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200168"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The global burden of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), including ulcerative colitis and Crohn\u2019s disease, is constantly rising. As IBDs significantly reduce patients\u2019 quality of life, prevention and efficient treatment of IBDs are of paramount importance. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying IBD pathogenesis are still not completely understood, numerous studies indicate the essential role of oxidative stress in the progression of the diseases. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate whether prophylactic administration of recombinant banana lectin (rBanLec) could positively affect antioxidative mechanisms in the colon and thus prevent or alleviate the severity of experimental colitis induced in C57BL\/6 mice. Methods: The prophylactic potential of rBanLec, a mannose-binding lectin with immunomodulatory properties, was investigated in a model of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in C57BL\/6 mice. Mice received rBanLec at various doses (0.1, 1 and 10 \u03bcg\/mL) before the induction of colitis. The severity of the disease was assessed by weight loss and reduction in colon length, and correlated with histopathological findings, cytokine milieu, and oxidative stress markers in the colon. Results: The obtained results revealed that pretreatment with a low dose of rBanLec (0.1 \u03bcg\/mL) significantly reduced the severity of TNBS-induced colitis, as indicated by reduced weight loss, less severe histopathological damage, and a favorable anti-inflammatory cytokine milieu (increased IL-10 and TGF\u03b2). In addition, rBanLec pretreatment improved the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GST) and reduced markers of oxidative stress such as nitric oxide levels at the peak of the disease. In contrast, higher doses of rBanLec exacerbated inflammatory responses. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that at low doses rBanLec can alleviate the severity of colitis by modulating oxidative stress and promoting anti-inflammatory cytokine responses, positioning rBanLec as a potential candidate for treating IBDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15040476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T10:48:58Z","timestamp":1742899738000},"page":"476","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Ameliorative Effect of Banana Lectin in TNBS-Induced Colitis in C57BL\/6 Mice Relies on the Promotion of Antioxidative Mechanisms in the Colon"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2144-499X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radmila","family":"Miljkovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Development, Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera \u201cTorlak\u201d, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9489-2470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilija","family":"Marinkovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0604-9246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"Prodi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Development, Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera \u201cTorlak\u201d, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Kova\u010devi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Development, Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera \u201cTorlak\u201d, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1536-9770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isidora","family":"Proti\u0107-Rosi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2115-5901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marko","family":"Vasi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Development, Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera \u201cTorlak\u201d, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6330-471X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"Luki\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Development, Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera \u201cTorlak\u201d, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8591-4391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marija","family":"Gavrovi\u0107-Jankulovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8204-4183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marijana","family":"Stojanovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research \u201cSini\u0161a Stankovi\u0107\u201d\u2014National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60751-X","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease: Clinical aspects and established and evolving therapies","volume":"369","author":"Baumgart","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, G.R., Bain, C.C., Fenton, T.M., Kelly, A., Brown, S.L., Ivens, A.C., Travis, M.A., Cook, P.C., and MacDonald, A.S. (2018). Dynamics of Colon Monocyte and Macrophage Activation During Colitis. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02764"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0804647","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"361","author":"Abraham","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.150","article-title":"The global burden of IBD: From 2015 to 2025","volume":"12","author":"Kaplan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000714","article-title":"Cytokine Networks and T-Cell Subsets in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/24.3.353","article-title":"Oxidative stress and ulcerative colitis-associated carcinogenesis: Studies in humans and animal models","volume":"24","author":"Seril","year":"2003","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2002.01378.x","article-title":"Review article: Oxidative stress as a pathogenic factor in inflammatory bowel disease\u2014Radicals or ridiculous?","volume":"16","author":"Kruidenier","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108574","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma induce inflammasome-mediated corneal endothelial cell death","volume":"207","author":"Gomez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6209","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.11.6209-6214.2000","article-title":"Augmentation of nitric oxide production by gamma interferon in a mouse vascular endothelial cell line and its modulation by tumor necrosis factor alpha and lipopolysaccharide","volume":"68","author":"Morikawa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guan, G., and Lan, S. (2018). Implications of Antioxidant Systems in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Biomed. Res. Int., 2018.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1290179"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1555","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2000.279.4.H1555","article-title":"IL-10 deficiency increases superoxide and endothelial dysfunction during inflammation","volume":"279","author":"Gunnett","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018814710291","article-title":"Serum interleukin-10 in human acute pancreatitis","volume":"42","author":"Pezzilli","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.500","article-title":"Regulation of homeostasis and regeneration in the adult intestinal epithelium by the TGF-\u03b2 superfamily","volume":"252","author":"Fink","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2015.09.009","article-title":"Reciprocal regulation of TGF-\u03b2 and reactive oxygen species: A perverse cycle for fibrosis","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1132","article-title":"The immunological and genetic basis of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"3","author":"Bouma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, X., Ding, S., Jiang, H., and Liu, G. (2021). Roles of Macrophages in the Development and Treatment of Gut Inflammation. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.625423"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopes, S., Borges, C.V., de Sousa Cardoso, S.M., de Almeida Pereira da Rocha, M.F., and Maraschin, M. (2020). Banana (Musa spp.) as a Source of Bioactive Compounds for Health Promotion. Handbook of Banana Production, Postharvest Science, Processing Technology, and Nutrition, Wiley Online Library.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119528265.ch12"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6995","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA00113A","article-title":"Immunomodulatory mechanism of alpha-d-(1\u21926)-glucan isolated from banana","volume":"9","author":"Wen","year":"2019","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1159\/000236090","article-title":"The potent IgG4-inducing antigen in banana is a mannose-binding lectin, BanLec-I","volume":"97","author":"Koshte","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2007.10.033","article-title":"A novel recombinantly produced banana lectin isoform is a valuable tool for glycoproteomics and a potent modulator of the proliferation response in CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ populations of human PBMCs","volume":"40","author":"Poulsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.3390\/immuno1030018","article-title":"Banana Lectin from Musa paradisiaca Is Mitogenic for Cow and Pig PBMC via IL-2 Pathway and ELF1","volume":"1","author":"Degroote","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immuno"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2008.12.016","article-title":"Musa acuminata (Del Monte banana) lectin is a fructose-binding lectin with cytokine-inducing activity","volume":"16","author":"Cheung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2009.10.007","article-title":"In vitro stimulation of Balb\/c and C57 BL\/6 splenocytes by a recombinantly produced banana lectin isoform results in both a proliferation of T cells and an increased secretion of interferon-gamma","volume":"10","author":"Kosec","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2012.04.003","article-title":"Recombinant banana lectin as mucosal immunostimulator","volume":"4","author":"Dimitrijevic","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2009.11.062","article-title":"Evaluation of the thermal stability and digestibility of heterologously produced banana lectin","volume":"120","author":"Dimitrijevic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.10.019","article-title":"Recombinantly produced banana lectin isoform promotes balanced pro-inflammatory response in the colon","volume":"20","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marinkovic, E., Djokic, R., Lukic, I., Filipovic, A., Inic-Kanada, A., Kosanovic, D., Gavrovic-Jankulovic, M., and Stojanovic, M. (2017). Modulation of functional characteristics of resident and thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal murine macrophages by a recombinant banana lectin. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172469"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miljkovic, R., Marinkovic, E., Lukic, I., Kovacevic, A., Lopandic, Z., Popovic, M., Gavrovic-Jankulovic, M., Schabussova, I., Inic-Kanada, A., and Stojanovic, M. (2024). Banana Lectin: A Novel Immunomodulatory Strategy for Mitigating Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202404.1993.v1"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, Z., Wang, S., and Li, J. (2021). Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Comprehensive Review. Front. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.765474"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7479540","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/7479540","article-title":"An Update of Research Animal Models of Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"2021","author":"Baydi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, I., Pinto, R., and Mateus, V. (2019). Preclinical Study in Vivo for New Pharmacological Approaches in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review of Chronic Model of TNBS-Induced Colitis. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8101574"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2016.07.019","article-title":"The TNBS-induced colitis animal model: An overview","volume":"11","author":"Antoniou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.21315\/mjms2017.24.5.11","article-title":"Sample Size Calculation in Animal Studies Using Resource Equation Approach","volume":"24","author":"Arifin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malays. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy035","article-title":"Development of Reliable, Valid and Responsive Scoring Systems for Endoscopy and Histology in Animal Models for Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"12","author":"Koelink","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.132160","article-title":"Targeting oxidative stress attenuates trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid induced inflammatory bowel disease like symptoms in rats: Role of quercetin","volume":"46","author":"Dodda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding","volume":"72","author":"Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3170","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)45228-9","article-title":"The role of superoxide anion in the autoxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase","volume":"247","author":"Misra","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"310","article-title":"Red Cell Metabolism. A Manual of Biochemical Methods. 2nd Edition","volume":"49","author":"Weissman","year":"1976","journal-title":"Yale J. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-7364-1-6-460","article-title":"Analysis of the glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene family","volume":"1","author":"Nebert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum. Genom."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.03.003","article-title":"Prophylactic role of curcumin in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis murine model","volume":"47","author":"Arafa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2018.03.012","article-title":"Myeloperoxidase in the inflamed colon: A novel target for treating inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"645","author":"Chami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2003.07.002","article-title":"A new flavonoid derivative, dosmalfate, attenuates the development of dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis in mice","volume":"3","author":"Villegas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2018.01.004","article-title":"Myeloperoxidase: Its role for host defense, inflammation, and neutrophil function","volume":"640","author":"Aratani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39109","article-title":"Suppression of Autoimmunity and Renal Disease in Pristane-Induced Lupus by Myeloperoxidase","volume":"67","author":"Odobasic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"2028","article-title":"Association of the G-463A myeloperoxidase gene polymorphism with renal disease in African Americans with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"34","author":"Bouali","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-015-0899-5","article-title":"Myeloperoxidase negatively regulates the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines by zymosan-induced mouse neutrophils","volume":"65","author":"Endo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-013-0656-6","article-title":"Myeloperoxidase deficiency in mice exacerbates lung inflammation induced by nonviable Candida albicans","volume":"62","author":"Homme","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5219056","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5219056","article-title":"Lung Neutrophilia in Myeloperoxidase Deficient Mice during the Course of Acute Pulmonary Inflammation","volume":"2016","author":"Kremserova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20161238","article-title":"Neutrophil myeloperoxidase diminishes the toxic effects and mortality induced by lipopolysaccharide","volume":"214","author":"Reber","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4888","DOI":"10.1021\/bi602587k","article-title":"Reactions of superoxide with myeloperoxidase","volume":"46","author":"Kettle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39860","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M605898200","article-title":"Modeling the reactions of superoxide and myeloperoxidase in the neutrophil phagosome: Implications for microbial killing","volume":"281","author":"Winterbourn","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W\u00e9ra, O., Lancellotti, P., and Oury, C. (2016). The dual role of neutrophils in inflammatory bowel diseases. J. Clin. Med., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm5120118"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI1112","article-title":"Macrophages that have ingested apoptotic cells in vitro inhibit proinflammatory cytokine production through autocrine\/paracrine mechanisms involving TGF-beta, PGE2, and PAF","volume":"101","author":"Fadok","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e192","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-04-345330","article-title":"Transcriptomic analyses of murine resolution-phase macrophages","volume":"118","author":"Stables","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-018-0021-8","article-title":"NADPH oxidases and ROS signaling in the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"11","author":"Aviello","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.108.144451","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of lecithinized superoxide dismutase against colitis","volume":"328","author":"Ishihara","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(01)01427-3","article-title":"Protective effects of M40403, a superoxide dismutase mimetic, in a rodent model of colitis","volume":"432","author":"Cuzzocrea","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2009.2857","article-title":"A differential role for endocytosis in receptor-mediated activation of Nox1","volume":"12","author":"Chu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2008.2363","article-title":"Signaling components of redox active endosomes: The redoxosomes","volume":"11","author":"Oakley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(02)02094-6","article-title":"Redox- and oxidant-mediated regulation of interleukin-10: An anti-inflammatory, antioxidant cytokine?","volume":"297","author":"Haddad","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-009-0119-6","article-title":"Interleukin 10 inhibits interferon \u03b3- and tumor necrosis factor \u03b1-stimulated activation of NADPH oxidase 1 in human colonic epithelial cells and the mouse colon","volume":"44","author":"Kamizato","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tr\u00e9ton, X., Pedruzzi, E., Guichard, C., Ladeiro, Y., Sedghi, S., Vall\u00e9e, M., Fernandez, N., Bruy\u00e8re, E., Woerther, P.L., and Ducroc, R. (2014). Combined NADPH oxidase 1 and interleukin 10 deficiency induces chronic endoplasmic reticulum stress and causes ulcerative colitis-like disease in mice. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101669"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.49.2.190","article-title":"Loss of transforming growth factor \u03b2 signalling in the intestine contributes to tissue injury in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"49","author":"Hahm","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI12821","article-title":"Blocking Smad7 restores TGF-\u03b21 signaling in chronic inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"108","author":"Monteleone","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270007301623","article-title":"The role of TNF\u03b1 in ulcerative colitis","volume":"47","author":"Sands","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6166","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.12.6166","article-title":"M-1\/M-2 macrophages and the Th1\/Th2 paradigm","volume":"164","author":"Mills","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3661","article-title":"Cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"14","author":"Neurath","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097274","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2097274","article-title":"The immunological basis of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"2016","author":"Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI32639","article-title":"Stimulation of TLR2 and TLR4 differentially skews the balance of T cells in a mouse model of arthritis","volume":"118","author":"Joosten","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.7812\/TPP\/16-019","article-title":"Development and Application of a Plant-Based Diet Scoring System for Japanese Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"20","author":"Chiba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Perm. J."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"210","article-title":"Herbal and plant therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"28","author":"Triantafyllidi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e39471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e39471","article-title":"From inflammation to immune regulation: The dual nature of dietary lectins in health and disease","volume":"10","author":"Konozy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1600145","article-title":"Plant Lectins Activate the NLRP3 Inflammasome To Promote Inflammatory Disorders","volume":"198","author":"Gong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radovani, B., and Gudelj, I. (2022). N-Glycosylation and Inflammation; the Not-So-Sweet Relation. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.893365"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.110827","article-title":"Structure-function and application of plant lectins in disease biology and immunity","volume":"134","author":"Mishra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.04.012","article-title":"Risk of Serious and Opportunistic Infections Associated with Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"155","author":"Kirchgesner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"540","article-title":"Vaccinating Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"12","author":"Reich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.07.013","article-title":"Balancing Benefit vs Risk of Immunosuppressive Therapy for Individual Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"17","author":"Beaugerie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/15\/4\/476\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:59:31Z","timestamp":1760029171000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/15\/4\/476"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["biom15040476"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom15040476","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]}}}