{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T21:35:33Z","timestamp":1791495333244,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":139,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oxidative stress is a significant factor that contributes to male infertility and sperm dysfunction. In this condition, an increase in ROS production exceeds the body\u2019s antioxidant defenses, resulting in a decline in spermatozoa quality and fertilizing capacity. Furthermore, excessive ROS production has been linked to the promotion of genomic damage, lipid peroxidation, inflammation, altered enzyme activity, and ultimately, irreversible alterations, cell death, and a decline in seminal parameters associated with male infertility. It is established that physical activity (PA), acting on inflammatory parameters and improving antioxidant defense, can alleviate the negative effects caused by free radicals, offering numerous health benefits and positively influencing sperm quality. The objective of this review is to highlight the mechanisms of ROS production, the physiological and pathophysiological roles of ROS in relation to the male reproductive system, and recent knowledge on the impact of some protocols of PA on these systems and the molecular mechanisms involved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15040478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T10:48:58Z","timestamp":1742899738000},"page":"478","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Protective Role of Physical Activity and Antioxidant Systems During Spermatogenesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4296-5081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Antinozzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Unit, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, 00135 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2522-126X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Di Luigi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Unit, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, 00135 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Sireno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Biology and Genetics of Movement, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 15, 00135 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9628-0665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Caporossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Biology and Genetics of Movement, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 15, 00135 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0577-3144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Dimauro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Biology and Genetics of Movement, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 15, 00135 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4929-2764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Sgr\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Unit, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, 00135 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1097\/MOU.0000000000001081","article-title":"Evaluation and Management of Male Genital Tract Infections in the Setting of Male Infertility: An Updated Review","volume":"33","author":"Rivero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. 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