{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T01:55:44Z","timestamp":1790906144211,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":159,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immunotherapy and chemoimmunotherapy are standard treatments for non-oncogene-addicted advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Currently, a limited number of biomarkers, including programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, microsatellite instability (MSI), and tumor mutational burden (TMB), are used in clinical practice to predict benefits from immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). It is therefore necessary to search for novel biomarkers that could be helpful to identify patients who respond to immunotherapy. In this context, research efforts are focusing on different cells and mechanisms involved in anti-tumor immune response. Herein, we provide un updated literature review on the role of eosinophils in cancer development and immune response, and the functions of some cytokines, including IL-31 and IL-33, in eosinophil activation. We discuss available data demonstrating a correlation between eosinophils and clinical outcomes of ICIs in lung cancer. In this context, we underscore the role of absolute eosinophil count (AEC) and tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia (TATE) as promising biomarkers able to predict the efficacy and toxicities from immunotherapy. The role of eosinophils and cytokines in NSCLC, treated with ICIs, is not yet fully understood, and further research may be crucial to determine their role as biomarkers of response. Artificial intelligence, through the analysis of big data, could be exploited in the future to elucidate the role of eosinophils and cytokines in lung cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15040491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T06:06:35Z","timestamp":1743141995000},"page":"491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Role of Eosinophils, Eosinophil-Related Cytokines and AI in Predicting Immunotherapy Efficacy in NSCLC"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4202-3855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fausto","family":"Omero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Human Pathology \u201cG. Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5108-1052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Desir\u00e8e","family":"Speranza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Human Pathology \u201cG. Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6403-6905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Murdaca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariacarmela","family":"Cavaleri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Human Pathology \u201cG. Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8807-6163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariapia","family":"Marafioti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Human Pathology \u201cG. Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1274-3514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Cianci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 1, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9837-9148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Berretta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5436-1501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Casciaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastiano","family":"Gangemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariacarmela","family":"Santarpia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Human Pathology \u201cG. Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.03136","article-title":"Updated Analysis From KEYNOTE-189: Pembrolizumab or Placebo Plus Pemetrexed and Platinum for Previously Untreated Metastatic Nonsquamous Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"38","author":"Gadgeel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2020.06.015","article-title":"A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Pembrolizumab Plus Chemotherapy in Patients With Metastatic Squamous NSCLC: Protocol-Specified Final Analysis of KEYNOTE-407","volume":"15","author":"Vicente","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Thorac. 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