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Thus, the brain is often described as an organ with immune privilege. Within the brain parenchyma, microglia are thought to be the primary resident immune cells, with no other immune-related cells present under normal conditions. On the other hand, recent studies in the meningeal border regions have revealed the presence of meningeal-specific lymphatic vessels and channels that connect to the skull bone marrow. Importantly, resident macrophage populations specific to these boundary regions, known as CNS-associated macrophages (CAMs) or border-associated macrophages (BAMs), have been identified. In contrast to the brain parenchyma, the meninges contain many immune-related structures and cells, making them an important immune interface at the CNS border. CAMs serve a dual function, triggering immune responses under pathological conditions and supporting the maintenance of brain homeostasis. This review focuses on the immune architecture of the meninges and the roles of CAMs in humans and mice, summarizing and discussing recent advances in this field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15040497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T13:36:49Z","timestamp":1743169009000},"page":"497","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Meninges as CNS Interfaces and the Roles of Meningeal Macrophages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Chihiro","family":"Hiraki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Master\u2019s and Doctoral Program in Biology, Degree Programs in Life and Earth Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuminori","family":"Tsuruta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Master\u2019s and Doctoral Program in Biology, Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Ibaraki, Japan"},{"name":"Doctoral Program in Human Biology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Ibaraki, Japan"},{"name":"Doctoral Program in Humanics, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Ibaraki, Japan"},{"name":"Master\u2019s and Doctoral Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Ibaraki, Japan"},{"name":"Center for Quantum and Information Life Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.08.053","article-title":"Microglia Biology: One Century of Evolving Concepts","volume":"179","author":"Prinz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-023-02676-9","article-title":"The Niche Matters: Origin, Function and Fate of CNS-Associated Macrophages during Health and Disease","volume":"147","author":"Glavan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-023-01053-6","article-title":"Brain Macrophage Development, Diversity and Dysregulation in Health and Disease","volume":"20","author":"Silvin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell. 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