{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:41:19Z","timestamp":1760031679198,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004488","name":"Croatian Science Foundation project \u201cMetaDog\u201d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IP-2018-01-8324","11773"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IP-2018-01-8324","11773"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004488","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Zagreb project \u201cA metabolomic approach for the detection of babesiosis biomarkers in canine saliva\u201d","award":["IP-2018-01-8324","11773"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IP-2018-01-8324","11773"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Babesiosis is a significant vector-borne zoonotic disease with major global economic and health implications, affecting various vertebrate hosts. Babesia parasites are auxotrophic for essential nutrients, relying on their hosts for metabolic support. This study investigated salivary metabolomic changes in dogs naturally infected with Babesia canis (N = 14) compared to healthy controls (N = 14) using untargeted and targeted mass spectrometry-based approaches. Saliva, a biofluid rich in metabolites, undergoes alterations in response to systemic diseases, making it a promising medium for studying host\u2013pathogen interactions. Metabolomic profiling was performed using a Dionex UltiMate 3000 UHPLC system coupled with a Thermo Orbitrap Q Exactive mass spectrometer. An untargeted analysis detected 2257 salivary features, of which, 868 were significantly altered, with seven metabolites identified by reference to standards. A targeted analysis revealed significant changes in seven metabolites. Functional bioinformatics indicated disruptions in amino acid, nucleotide, and lipid metabolism, alongside alterations in energy production pathways, and purine metabolism. These findings provide critical insights into the metabolic shifts underlying canine babesiosis, supporting the development of advanced diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in the future. This study highlights the intricate interplay between host and pathogen, particularly in nutrient acquisition and metabolic regulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15040520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T05:43:33Z","timestamp":1743572613000},"page":"520","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Metabolomics Insights into Salivary Profile in Dogs with Babesia canis Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4945-4690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josipa","family":"Kule\u0161","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivana","family":"Rubi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0159-8281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dina","family":"Re\u0161etar Maslov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0161a","family":"Efendi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kre\u0161imir","family":"Martinkovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeta","family":"Pongrac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iva","family":"\u0160mit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dalibor","family":"Poto\u010dnjak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renata","family":"Bari\u0107 Rafaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0723-7815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir","family":"Mrljak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1038\/381482a0","article-title":"Plastid in human parasites","volume":"381","author":"McFadden","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.2478\/acve-2018-0011","article-title":"Canine Babesiosis: Where Do We Stand?","volume":"68","author":"Mrljak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Vet. 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