{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T22:36:23Z","timestamp":1791326183784,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council","award":["113-2320-B-030-007-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["113-2320-B-030-007-MY3"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council","award":["110-SKH-FJU-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110-SKH-FJU-01"]}]},{"name":"Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital","award":["113-2320-B-030-007-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["113-2320-B-030-007-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital","award":["110-SKH-FJU-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110-SKH-FJU-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background:Sweet Tea (Lithocarpus polystachyus Rehd.), a traditional ethnobotanical medicine, contains phlorizin, a dihydrochalcone compound with antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. Given the critical role of oxidative stress and inflammation in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), this study tested the hypothesis that phlorizin mitigates oxidative damage and inflammation in AMD models, thereby offering therapeutic potential. Materials and Methods: Adult retinal pigmented epithelial cells (ARPE-19) were pre-treated with phlorizin (0.01\u20130.1 \u03bcM) and subjected to oxidative stress induced by ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation or sodium iodate (NaIO3). Cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, MAPK\/NF-\u03baB signaling, and the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, TNF-\u03b1) and pro-angiogenic factors (VEGF, MMP2, MMP9) expression were assessed using MTT assays, fluorescence imaging, Western blotting, and RT-qPCR. In vivo, a laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) mouse model was used to evaluate phlorizin\u2019s effects on CNV formation and vascular leakage via fundus photography and fluorescence angiography. Result: Phlorizin significantly enhanced cell viability, reduced ROS production, inhibited MAPK\/NF-\u03baB activation, and downregulated inflammatory and angiogenic mediators. In vivo studies confirmed the reduced CNV formation and vascular leakage following the phlorizin treatment. Conclusions: Phlorizin demonstrated significant protective effects against oxidative stress and inflammation, highlighting its therapeutic potential for treating AMD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15040523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T04:33:43Z","timestamp":1743654823000},"page":"523","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Phlorizin Protects Against Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Age-Related Macular Degeneration Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zhen-Yu","family":"Liao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei 111, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Yu","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Jou","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Program in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9554-1114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I-Chia","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Defense Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 114, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Chun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Program in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0461-2050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao-Hsien","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Program in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Anesthesiology, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3478-5451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi-Feng","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Program in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2023.11.003","article-title":"Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Neurodegenerative Disorders: Shared Pathways in Complex Interactions","volume":"69","author":"Jabbehdari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"493","article-title":"Updates on the Epidemiology of Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"6","author":"Jonas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asia-Pac. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-016-0063-5","article-title":"Epidemiology of Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD): Associations with Cardiovascular Disease Phenotypes and Lipid Factors","volume":"3","author":"Pennington","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eye Vis."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"e39624","article-title":"Age-Related Macular Degeneration: An Exponentially Emerging Imminent Threat of Visual Impairment and Irreversible Blindness","volume":"15","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study, and the GBD 2019 Blindness and Vision Impairment Collaborators (2024). Global Estimates on the Number of People Blind or Visually Impaired by Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Meta-Analysis from 2000 to 2020. Eye, 38, 2070\u20132082."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(03)00030-4","article-title":"Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Therapeutic Strategies","volume":"48","author":"Ambati","year":"2003","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2015.09.002","article-title":"RPE Necroptosis in Response to Oxidative Stress and in AMD","volume":"24","author":"Hanus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2989","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.49890","article-title":"The Role of Inflammation in Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"16","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.24546","article-title":"Autophagy and Heterophagy Dysregulation Leads to Retinal Pigment Epithelium Dysfunction and Development of Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"9","author":"Kaarniranta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2021.02.009","article-title":"Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Epidemiology, Genetics, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Targeted Therapy","volume":"9","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genes. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"353","article-title":"Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD): Pathogenesis and Therapy","volume":"58","author":"Nowak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1159\/000524942","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Implications for Treatment","volume":"65","author":"Sanabria","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.01.003","article-title":"Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"105","author":"Thomas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubchak, E., Obasanmi, G., Zeglinski, M.R., Granville, D.J., Yeung, S.N., and Matsubara, J.A. (2022). Potential Role of Extracellular Granzyme B in Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.980742"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.2165\/00002512-200623030-00004","article-title":"Economic Cost of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review of Recent Research","volume":"23","author":"Ke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e106","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70145-1","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Disease Burden Projection for 2020 and 2040: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"2","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890600946724","article-title":"Age-Related Macular Degeneration--Emerging Pathogenetic and Therapeutic Concepts","volume":"38","author":"Gehrs","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13834","article-title":"Retinal Pigment Epithelium and Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review of Major Disease Mechanisms","volume":"48","author":"Somasundaran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1159\/000455074","article-title":"The Journey of \u201cGeographic Atrophy\u201d through Past, Present, and Future","volume":"237","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2012.04.005","article-title":"Understanding Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD): Relationships between the Photoreceptor\/Retinal Pigment Epithelium\/Bruch\u2019s Membrane\/Choriocapillaris Complex","volume":"33","author":"Bhutto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Aspects Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6700460","article-title":"Adult Vitelliform Macular Degeneration: A Clinicopathological Study","volume":"17","author":"Arnold","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2014.10.005","article-title":"Seeing through VEGF: Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Pathological Angiogenesis in the Eye","volume":"21","author":"Sene","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.11.002","article-title":"Macular Atrophy Progression and 7-Year Vision Outcomes in Subjects From the ANCHOR, MARINA, and HORIZON Studies: The SEVEN-UP Study","volume":"162","author":"Brijesh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"513","article-title":"The Diagnosis and Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"117","author":"Stahl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl. Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8374647","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8374647","article-title":"Age-Related Macular Degeneration: New Paradigms for Treatment and Management of AMD","volume":"2018","author":"Zenteno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ivanov, I.V., Mappes, T., Schaupp, P., Lappe, C., and Wahl, S. (2018). Ultraviolet Radiation Oxidative Stress Affects Eye Health. J. Biophotonics, 11.","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201700377"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0b013e31821fbd3e","article-title":"A Review: Role of Ultraviolet Radiation in Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"37","author":"Chalam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blasiak, J., Pawlowska, E., Sobczuk, A., Szczepanska, J., and Kaarniranta, K. (2020). The Aging Stress Response and Its Implication for AMD Pathogenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228840"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-56017-5_2","article-title":"Ultraviolet Light Induced Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species","volume":"996","author":"Cockrell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.20439","article-title":"Effects of Different Types of Oxidative Stress in RPE Cells","volume":"206","author":"Lu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.122.4.598","article-title":"Current Concepts in the Pathogenesis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"122","author":"Zarbin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2008.03.017","article-title":"UV as an Amplifier Rather than Inducer of NF-\u03baB Activity","volume":"30","author":"Kearns","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ansary, T.M., Hossain, M.R., Kamiya, K., Komine, M., and Ohtsuki, M. (2021). Inflammatory Molecules Associated with Ultraviolet Radiation-Mediated Skin Aging. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22083974"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2011.01.002","article-title":"Quercetin Inhibits UV Irradiation-Induced Inflammatory Cytokine Production in Primary Human Keratinocytes by Suppressing NF-\u03baB Pathway","volume":"61","author":"Vicentini","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-008-0179-8","article-title":"MAP Kinase Pathways in UV-Induced Apoptosis of Retinal Pigment Epithelium ARPE19 Cells","volume":"13","author":"Roduit","year":"2008","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"2528","article-title":"Protective Effects of (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate on UVA-Induced Damage in ARPE19 Cells","volume":"14","author":"Chan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glickman, R.D., Natarajan, M., Rockwell, B.A., Denton, M., Maswadi, S., Kumar, N., and Nieves-Roldan, F. (2005, January 22\u201327). Intracellular Signaling Mechanisms Responsive to Laser-Induced Photochemical and Thermal Stress. Proceedings of the Optical Interactions with Tissue and Cells XVI, San Jose, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.584135"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basyal, D., Lee, S., and Kim, H.J. (2024). Antioxidants and Mechanistic Insights for Managing Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13050568"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2376","article-title":"Lipoprotein Particles of Intraocular Origin in Human Bruch Membrane: An Unusual Lipid Profile","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Espitia-Arias, M.D., de la Villa, P., Paleo-Garc\u00eda, V., Germain, F., and Milla-Navarro, S. (2023). Oxidative Model of Retinal Neurodegeneration Induced by Sodium Iodate: Morphofunctional Assessment of the Visual Pathway. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12081594"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13075","article-title":"Direct Effect of Sodium Iodate on Neurosensory Retina","volume":"55","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3476","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-23532","article-title":"Irreversible Photoreceptors and RPE Cells Damage by Intravenous Sodium Iodate in Mice Is Related to Macrophage Accumulation","volume":"59","author":"Moriguchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.25.2.58","article-title":"Experimental pigmentary degeneration of the retina by sodium iodate","volume":"25","author":"Sorsby","year":"1941","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-010-0248-6","article-title":"Sodium Iodate Selectively Injuries the Posterior Pole of the Retina in a Dose-Dependent Manner: Morphological and Electrophysiological Study","volume":"35","author":"Kawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(53)90159-7","article-title":"Experimentally Induced Toxic Effects on Structure and Function of Visual Cells and Pigment Epithelium","volume":"36","author":"Noell","year":"1953","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"1135","article-title":"RPE Destruction Causes Choriocapillary Atrophy","volume":"25","author":"Korte","year":"1984","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"1427","article-title":"The Effects of Iodate and Iodoacetate on the Retinal Adhesion","volume":"19","author":"Ashburn","year":"1980","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0749.1992.tb00568.x","article-title":"The Effect of Sodium Iodate and Melanin on the Formation of Glyoxylate","volume":"5","author":"Baich","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pigment. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"40","article-title":"Role of Retinal Pigment Epithelium in the Development of Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis","volume":"35","author":"Konda","year":"1994","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.04.038","article-title":"The Rescue Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cell on Sodium Iodate-Induced Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cell Death through Deactivation of NF-\u03baB-Mediated NLRP3 Inflammasome","volume":"103","author":"Mao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tong, Y., and Wang, S. (2020). Not All Stressors Are Equal: Mechanism of Stressors on RPE Cell Degeneration. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.591067"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2044","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.147927","article-title":"Sodium Iodate Induced Retinal Degeneration: New Insights from an Old Model","volume":"9","author":"Kannan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1830363","article-title":"Sweet Tea (Lithocarpus Polystachyus Rehd.) as a New Natural Source of Bioactive Dihydrochalcones with Multiple Health Benefits","volume":"62","author":"Shang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.532","article-title":"Phlorizin: A Review","volume":"21","author":"Ehrenkranz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO02707C","article-title":"Phlorizin Exerts Potent Effects against Aging Induced by D-Galactose in Mice and PC12 Cells","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.174563","article-title":"Anti-Fatigue Effect of Phlorizin on Exhaustive Exercise-Induced Oxidative Injury Mediated by Nrf2\/ARE Signaling Pathway in Mice","volume":"918","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cambeiro-P\u00e9rez, N., Gonz\u00e1lez-G\u00f3mez, X., Gonz\u00e1lez-Barreiro, C., P\u00e9rez-Gregorio, M.R., Fernandes, I., Mateus, N., de Freitas, V., S\u00e1nchez, B., and Mart\u00ednez-Carballo, E. (2021). Metabolomics Insights of the Immunomodulatory Activities of Phlorizin and Phloretin on Human THP-1 Macrophages. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26040787"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2021.8088","article-title":"Phlorizin from Sweet Tea Inhibits the Progress of Esophageal Cancer by Antagonizing the JAK2\/STAT3 Signaling Pathway","volume":"46","author":"Jia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"812","article-title":"Effects of Phlorizin on Diabetic Retinopathy According to Isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantification-Based Proteomics in Db\/Db Mice","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-011-1676-y","article-title":"Favorable Effects of Trehalose on the Development of UVB-Mediated Antioxidant\/pro-Oxidant Imbalance in the Corneal Epithelium, Proinflammatory Cytokine and Matrix Metalloproteinase Induction, and Heat Shock Protein 70 Expression","volume":"249","author":"Ardan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Arce, E., and Sald\u00edas, M. (2021). Antioxidant Properties of Flavonoid Metal Complexes and Their Potential Inclusion in the Development of Novel Strategies for the Treatment against Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biomed. Pharmacother., 143.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112236"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.06.010","article-title":"Protective Effects of Flavonoids against Alzheimer\u2019s Disease-Related Neural Dysfunctions","volume":"93","author":"Bakhtiari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"OCT331","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18946","article-title":"Imaging Laser-Induced Choroidal Neovascularization in the Rodent Retina Using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography","volume":"57","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2016.30","article-title":"Inhibition of Development of Laser-Induced Choroidal Neovascularization with Suppression of Infiltration of Macrophages in Smad3-Null Mice","volume":"96","author":"Iwanishi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onami, H., Nagai, N., Kaji, H., Nishizawa, M., Sato, Y., Osumi, N., Nakazawa, T., and Abe, T. (2013). Transscleral Sustained Vasohibin-1 Delivery by a Novel Device Suppressed Experimentally-Induced Choroidal Neovascularization. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058580"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alharbi, K.S., Afzal, O., Altamimi, A.S.A., Almalki, W.H., Kazmi, I., Al-Abbasi, F.A., Alzarea, S.I., Makeen, H.A., and Albratty, M. (2022). Potential Role of Nutraceuticals via Targeting a Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin and NF-\u03baB Pathway in Treatment of Osteoarthritis. J. Food Biochem., 46.","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.14427"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2290","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.03-0113fje","article-title":"MMP-2 and MMP-9 Synergize in Promoting Choroidal Neovascularization","volume":"17","author":"Lambert","year":"2003","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"2194","article-title":"Matrix Metalloproteinases and Metalloproteinase Inhibitors in Choroidal Neovascular Membranes","volume":"39","author":"Steen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702722","article-title":"Plasma Levels of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 and -9 (MMP-2 and MMP-9) in Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"21","author":"Chau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brodzka, S., Baszy\u0144ski, J., Rektor, K., Ho\u0142derna-Bona, K., Stanek, E., Kurhaluk, N., Tkaczenko, H., Malukiewicz, G., Wo\u017aniak, A., and Kami\u0144ski, P. (2024). Immunogenetic and Environmental Factors in Age-Related Macular Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25126567"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"1015","article-title":"Substance P Promotes the Recovery of Oxidative Stress-Damaged Retinal Pigmented Epithelial Cells by Modulating Akt\/GSK-3\u03b2 Signaling","volume":"22","author":"Baek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Cheng, J., Wang, H., Wang, M., Zhao, J., and Wu, Z. (2019). Protective Effect of Apple Phlorizin on Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Cell Damage in HepG2 Cells. J. Food Biochem., 43.","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13052"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin, S.-K., Cho, S.-J., Jung, U.J., Ryu, R., and Choi, M.-S. (2016). Phlorizin Supplementation Attenuates Obesity, Inflammation, and Hyperglycemia in Diet-Induced Obese Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8020092"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S1773-2247(05)50037-6","article-title":"Antioxidative Activity and Cytotoxicity of Four Different Flavonoids for Dermal Applications","volume":"15","author":"Auner","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwon, W., and Freeman, S.A. (2020). Phagocytosis by the Retinal Pigment Epithelium: Recognition, Resolution, Recycling. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.604205"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e965","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2013.478","article-title":"Induction of Necrotic Cell Death by Oxidative Stress in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells","volume":"4","author":"Hanus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(00)00140-5","article-title":"The Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"45","author":"Beatty","year":"2000","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"DES163","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-23402","article-title":"Potential Role of Oxidative Stress in Ocular Surface Inflammation and Dry Eye Disease","volume":"59","author":"Dogru","year":"2018","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juan, C.A., P\u00e9rez de la Lastra, J.M., Plou, F.J., and P\u00e9rez-Lebe\u00f1a, E. (2021). The Chemistry of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Revisited: Outlining Their Role in Biological Macromolecules (DNA, Lipids and Proteins) and Induced Pathologies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094642"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7304","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0190-15.2015","article-title":"Investigating Mitochondria as a Target for Treating Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"35","author":"Terluk","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2996","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms14022996","article-title":"Mitochondrial and Nuclear DNA Damage and Repair in Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"14","author":"Blasiak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2017.05.015","article-title":"Altered Bioenergetics and Enhanced Resistance to Oxidative Stress in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells from Donors with Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"13","author":"Ferrington","year":"2017","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.12.006","article-title":"Changes in Select Redox Proteins of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium in Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"143","author":"Decanini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-17758","article-title":"PGC-1\u03b1 Induces Human RPE Oxidative Metabolism and Antioxidant Capacity","volume":"57","author":"Iacovelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-016-0367-4","article-title":"Comparison of Serum Thiol-Disulphide Homeostasis and Total Antioxidant-Oxidant Levels between Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration Patients and Healthy Subjects","volume":"37","author":"Elbay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.5937\/jomb0-32189","article-title":"Evaluation of Oxidative Stress, 3-Nitrotyrosine, and HMGB-1 Levels in Patients with Wet Type Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"41","author":"Ramazan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-012-0095-z","article-title":"Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Patients with Wet Age Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"17","author":"Zafrilla","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-015-0166-x","article-title":"ROS and Autophagy: Interactions and Molecular Regulatory Mechanisms","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956792","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/956792","article-title":"Achieving the Balance between ROS and Antioxidants: When to Use the Synthetic Antioxidants","volume":"2013","author":"Poljsak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herb, M., and Schramm, M. (2021). Functions of ROS in Macrophages and Antimicrobial Immunity. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10020313"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-019-03667-9","article-title":"ROS and Diseases: Role in Metabolism and Energy Supply","volume":"467","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, C.-I. (2016). Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors from Natural Products: Discovery of Next-Generation Antihyperglycemic Agents. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21091136"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dabravolski, S.A., Zhuravlev, A.D., Kartuesov, A.G., Borisov, E.E., Sukhorukov, V.N., and Orekhov, A.N. (2022). Mitochondria-Mediated Cardiovascular Benefits of Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitors. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23105371"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00028.2011","article-title":"Mammalian MAPK Signal Transduction Pathways Activated by Stress and Inflammation: A 10-Year Update","volume":"92","author":"Kyriakis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shafi, V., Khan, N.A., Kazmi, J., and Siddiqui, I. (2024). Cytokine-Driven NF-\u03baB Activation in Retinal Cells and Its Impact on the Pathogenesis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Systematic Review. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.10.06.24314951"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.2741\/s275","article-title":"Oxidative Stress Induced Cellular Signaling in RPE Cells","volume":"4","author":"Klettner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Biosci.-Sch."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-5769(02)00058-9","article-title":"The Role of NF-kappaB in the Regulation of Cell Stress Responses","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3436","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-12-327015","article-title":"Notch1 Controls Macrophage Recruitment and Notch Signaling Is Activated at Sites of Endothelial Cell Anastomosis during Retinal Angiogenesis in Mice","volume":"118","author":"Outtz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Apte, R.S., Richter, J., Herndon, J., and Ferguson, T.A. (2006). Macrophages Inhibit Neovascularization in a Murine Model of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. PLoS Med., 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030310"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1038\/329630a0","article-title":"Macrophage-Induced Angiogenesis Is Mediated by Tumour Necrosis Factor-Alpha","volume":"329","author":"Leibovich","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"119","article-title":"Macrophage and Retinal Pigment Epithelium Expression of Angiogenic Cytokines in Choroidal Neovascularization","volume":"8","author":"Grossniklaus","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2016.1277247","article-title":"Roles of IL-6 in Ocular Inflammation: A Review","volume":"26","author":"Ghasemi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"Perdamaian, A.B.I., Dianratri, A., Prayogo, M.E., Sasongko, M.B., Wardhana, F.S., Widayanti, T.W., Agni, A.N., and Oka, C. (2021). The Circulating Level of IL-1\u03b2 in Patients with Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) in Yogyakarta: Characteristics to Disease Activity, Atlantis Press."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s12041-009-0068-0","article-title":"Mediators of Ocular Angiogenesis","volume":"88","author":"Qazi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Genet."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546826","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/546826","article-title":"Inflammatory Mediators and Angiogenic Factors in Choroidal Neovascularization: Pathogenetic Interactions and Therapeutic Implications","volume":"2010","author":"Campa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2001). Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Clinical Trial of High-Dose Supplementation with Vitamins C and E, Beta Carotene, and Zinc for Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Vision Loss: AREDS Report No. 8. Arch. Ophthalmol., 119, 1417\u20131436.","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.119.10.1417"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) Research Group (2013). Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 Research Group Lutein + Zeaxanthin and Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Age-Related Macular Degeneration: The Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA, 309, 2005\u20132015.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.4997"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.7.8.5740","article-title":"Resveratrol: A Multitargeted Agent for Age-Associated Chronic Diseases","volume":"7","author":"Harikumar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.090836","article-title":"Resveratrol Regulates Pathologic Angiogenesis by a Eukaryotic Elongation Factor-2 Kinase-Regulated Pathway","volume":"177","author":"Khan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-010-0102-2","article-title":"Effects of Oxysterols on Cell Viability, Inflammatory Cytokines, VEGF, and Reactive Oxygen Species Production on Human Retinal Cells: Cytoprotective Effects and Prevention of VEGF Secretion by Resveratrol","volume":"49","author":"Dugas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"88","article-title":"Resveratrol Suppresses Expression of VEGF by Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells: Potential Nutraceutical for Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"5","author":"Nagineni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2010.500112","article-title":"Suppression of Choroidal Neovascularization by N-Acetyl-Cysteine in Mice","volume":"35","author":"Hara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tisi, A., Flati, V., Delle Monache, S., Lozzi, L., Passacantando, M., and Maccarone, R. (2020). Nanoceria Particles Are an Eligible Candidate to Prevent Age-Related Macular Degeneration by Inhibiting Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cell Death and Autophagy Alterations. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9071617"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khoo, H.E., Ng, H.S., Yap, W.-S., Goh, H.J.H., and Yim, H.S. (2019). Nutrients for Prevention of Macular Degeneration and Eye-Related Diseases. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8040085"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370220926938","article-title":"Retinoid Analogs and Polyphenols as Potential Therapeutics for Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"245","author":"Parmar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy114","article-title":"Dietary Flavonoids and the Prevalence and 15-y Incidence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"108","author":"Gopinath","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, M., Yu, T., Zhao, J., Zhu, X., Xin, W., Zhang, F., and Zhang, L. (2023). Role of Flavonoids in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Biomed. Pharmacother., 159.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114259"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.12.028","article-title":"Priming Plant Resistance by Activation of Redox-Sensitive Genes","volume":"122","year":"2018","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ortega, J.T., and Jastrzebska, B. (2021). Neuroinflammation as a Therapeutic Target in Retinitis Pigmentosa and Quercetin as Its Potential Modulator. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13111935"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2015.02.001","article-title":"Quercetin Alleviates 4-Hydroxynonenal-Induced Cytotoxicity and Inflammation in ARPE-19 Cells","volume":"132","author":"Hytti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsu, M.-Y., Hsiao, Y.-P., Lin, Y.-T., Chen, C., Lee, C.-M., Liao, W.-C., Tsou, S.-C., Lin, H.-W., and Chang, Y.-Y. (2021). Quercetin Alleviates the Accumulation of Superoxide in Sodium Iodate-Induced Retinal Autophagy by Regulating Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Homeostasis through Enhanced Deacetyl-SOD2 via the Nrf2-PGC-1?-Sirt1 Pathway. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10071125"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9421340","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9421340","article-title":"Luteolin Attenuates IL-1\u03b2-Induced THP-1 Adhesion to ARPE-19 Cells via Suppression of NF-\u03baB and MAPK Pathways","volume":"2020","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610751","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1610751","article-title":"Protection of Kaempferol on Oxidative Stress-Induced Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cell Damage","volume":"2018","author":"Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.6252","article-title":"Wogonin Protects Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells from LPS-Induced Barrier Dysfunction and Inflammatory Responses by Regulating the TLR4\/NF-\u03baB Signaling Pathway","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ni, T., Zhang, S., Rao, J., Zhao, J., Huang, H., Liu, Y., Ding, Y., Liu, Y., Ma, Y., and Zhang, S. (2024). Phlorizin, an Important Glucoside: Research Progress on Its Biological Activity and Mechanism. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29030741"}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/15\/4\/523\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:09:11Z","timestamp":1760029751000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/15\/4\/523"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]]},"references-count":125,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["biom15040523"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom15040523","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]]}}}