{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T21:51:07Z","timestamp":1791409867757,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":331,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Schizophrenia is a chronic and severe psychiatric disorder affecting approximately 1% of the global population, characterized by disrupted synaptic plasticity and brain connectivity. While substantial evidence supports its classification as a neurodevelopmental disorder, non-canonical neurodegenerative features have also been reported, with increasing attention given to astrocytic dysfunction. Overall, in this study, we explore the role of astrocytes as a structural and functional link between neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration in schizophrenia. Specifically, we examine how astrocytes contribute to forming an aberrant substrate during early neurodevelopment, potentially predisposing individuals to later neurodegeneration. Astrocytes regulate neurotransmitter homeostasis and synaptic plasticity, influencing early vulnerability and disease progression through their involvement in Ca2\u207a signaling and dopamine\u2013glutamate interaction\u2014key pathways implicated in schizophrenia pathophysiology. Astrocytes differentiate via nuclear factor I-A, Sox9, and Notch pathways, occurring within a neuronal environment that may already be compromised in the early stages due to the genetic factors associated with the \u2018two-hits\u2019 model of schizophrenia. As a result, astrocytes may contribute to the development of an altered neural matrix, disrupting neuronal signaling, exacerbating the dopamine\u2013glutamate imbalance, and causing excessive synaptic pruning and demyelination. These processes may underlie both the core symptoms of schizophrenia and the increased susceptibility to cognitive decline\u2014clinically resembling neurodegeneration but driven by a distinct, poorly understood molecular substrate. Finally, astrocytes are emerging as potential pharmacological targets for antipsychotics such as clozapine, which may modulate their function by regulating glutamate clearance, redox balance, and synaptic remodeling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15050615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T10:40:48Z","timestamp":1745404848000},"page":"615","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["The Role of Astrocytes in the Molecular Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia: Between Neurodevelopment and Neurodegeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5301-405X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Licia","family":"Vellucci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry, Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedetta","family":"Mazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry, Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2751-5683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annarita","family":"Barone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry, Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Nasti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry, Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0422-3415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"De Simone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry, Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Departament de Medicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ci\u00e8ncies de la Salut, Institut de Neuroci\u00e8ncies, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), c. Casanova, 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), c. Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Hosp\u00ectal Clinic de Barcelona. c. Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7051-5013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felice","family":"Iasevoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry, Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"de Bartolomeis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry, Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.16050503","article-title":"Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: Treatment Response and Resistance in Psychosis (TRRIP) Working Group Consensus Guidelines on Diagnosis and Terminology","volume":"174","author":"Howes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743717720448","article-title":"Guidelines for the Pharmacotherapy of Schizophrenia in Adults","volume":"62","author":"Remington","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1s","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-133X(95)00199-N","article-title":"On the plausibility of \u201cthe neurodevelopmental hypothesis\u201d of schizophrenia","volume":"14","author":"Weinberger","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(99)00039-4","article-title":"Genetic and non-genetic vulnerability factors in schizophrenia: The basis of the \u201ctwo hit hypothesis\u201d","volume":"33","author":"Bayer","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.03.017","article-title":"A review of vulnerability and risks for schizophrenia: Beyond the two hit hypothesis","volume":"65","author":"Davis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(99)00033-3","article-title":"Development, disease and degeneration in schizophrenia: A unitary pathophysiological model","volume":"33","author":"Keshavan","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579499002199","article-title":"Brain maturational processes and delayed onset in schizophrenia","volume":"11","author":"Keshavan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006887","article-title":"Neural development, cell-cell signaling, and the \u201ctwo-hit\u201d hypothesis of schizophrenia","volume":"27","author":"Maynard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.11.043","article-title":"A new 3-hit mouse model of schizophrenia built on genetic, early and late factors","volume":"228","author":"Bouet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keshavan, M.S., Kennedy, J.L., and Murray, R.M. (2004). Neurodegenerative models of schizophrenia. Neurodevelopment and Schizophrenia, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511735103"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2022.03.004","article-title":"Neurodegenerative model of schizophrenia: Growing evidence to support a revisit","volume":"243","author":"Stone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(88)90306-X","article-title":"Neurotoxicity of N-methyl-D-aspartate is markedly enhanced in developing rat central nervous system","volume":"459","author":"McDonald","year":"1988","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950240016004","article-title":"Glutamate receptor dysfunction and schizophrenia","volume":"52","author":"Olney","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5398.70","article-title":"Blockade of NMDA receptors and apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing brain","volume":"283","author":"Ikonomidou","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(96)00428-5","article-title":"A pivotal role for glutamate in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, and its cognitive dysfunction","volume":"56","author":"Hirsch","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01245228","article-title":"Cortical regulation of subcortical dopamine systems and its possible relevance to schizophrenia","volume":"91","author":"Grace","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm. Gen. Sect."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3973","article-title":"Genome-wide association analysis identifies 30 new susceptibility loci for schizophrenia","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.1335","article-title":"Association of Schizophrenia Risk With Disordered Niacin Metabolism in an Indian Genome-wide Association Study","volume":"76","author":"Periyasamy","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.37","article-title":"Convergent functional genomics of schizophrenia: From comprehensive understanding to genetic risk prediction","volume":"17","author":"Ayalew","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"301","article-title":"Review of Pathological Hallmarks of Schizophrenia: Comparison of Genetic Models With Patients and Nongenetic Models","volume":"36","author":"Ayhan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201300325","article-title":"Epigallocatechin-3-gallate, a DYRK1A inhibitor, rescues cognitive deficits in Down syndrome mouse models and in humans","volume":"58","author":"Pons","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-017-1383-5","article-title":"Human astrocytes: Structure and functions in the healthy brain","volume":"222","author":"Vasile","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-4580(93)90100-P","article-title":"GFAP mRNA increases with age in rat and human brain","volume":"14","author":"Nichols","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3276","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4707-08.2009","article-title":"Uniquely hominid features of adult human astrocytes","volume":"29","author":"Oberheim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1126\/science.126.3263.76","article-title":"Glia\/nerve cell index for cortex of the whale","volume":"126","author":"Hawkins","year":"1957","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2007.04.013","article-title":"Neocortical glial cell numbers in human brains","volume":"29","author":"Pelvig","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mederos, S., Gonz\u00e1lez-Arias, C., and Perea, G. (2018). Astrocyte-Neuron Networks: A Multilane Highway of Signaling for Homeostatic Brain Function. Front. Synaptic Neurosci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsyn.2018.00045"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-021-01232-x","article-title":"Astrocytes modulate extracellular neurotransmitter levels and excitatory neurotransmission in dorsolateral striatum via dopamine D2 receptor signaling","volume":"47","author":"Adermark","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01193-4","article-title":"Astrocytes mediate long-lasting synaptic regulation of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons","volume":"25","author":"Requie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623310385254","article-title":"Role of astrocytes in brain function and disease","volume":"39","author":"Wegrzynowicz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, Y., Park, J., and Choi, Y.K. (2019). The Role of Astrocytes in the Central Nervous System Focused on BK Channel and Heme Oxygenase Metabolites: A Review. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8050121"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26686","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26686","article-title":"Whole-brain deuterium metabolic imaging via concentric ring trajectory readout enables assessment of regional variations in neuronal glucose metabolism","volume":"45","author":"Niess","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4880","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329172200174X","article-title":"Brain glucose metabolism in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of (18)FDG-PET studies in schizophrenia","volume":"53","author":"Townsend","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbac147","article-title":"Altered Patterns of Brain Glucose Metabolism Involve More Extensive and Discrete Cortical Areas in Treatment-resistant Schizophrenia Patients Compared to Responder Patients and Controls: Results From a Head-to-Head 2-[18F]-FDG-PET Study","volume":"49","author":"Iasevoli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-024-00535-4","article-title":"Addressing brain metabolic connectivity in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: A novel graph theory-driven application of (18)F-FDG-PET with antipsychotic dose correction","volume":"10","author":"Iasevoli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Schizophrenia"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Knight, S.R., Abbasova, L., Zeighami, Y., Hansen, J.Y., Martins, D., Zelaya, F., Dipasquale, O., Liu, T., Shin, D., and Bossong, M. Transcriptional and neurochemical signatures of cerebral blood flow alterations in schizophrenia and individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis. Biol. Psychiatry, in press."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3390\/neuroglia1010004","article-title":"The Special Case of Human Astrocytes","volume":"1","author":"Verkhratsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroglia"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1824","article-title":"Astrocyte-endothelial interactions at the blood-brain barrier","volume":"7","author":"Abbott","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1722","article-title":"Astrocytes, from brain glue to communication elements: The revolution continues","volume":"6","author":"Volterra","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22575","article-title":"Glial influence on the blood brain barrier","volume":"61","author":"Alvarez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"70","article-title":"[Astroglia of the hippocampus in schizophrenia]","volume":"108","author":"Kolomeets","year":"2008","journal-title":"Zh. Nevrol. Psikhiatr. Im. S S Korsakova"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tarasov, V.V., Svistunov, A.A., Chubarev, V.N., Sologova, S.S., Mukhortova, P., Levushkin, D., Somasundaram, S.G., Kirkland, C.E., Bachurin, S.O., and Aliev, G. (2019). Alterations of Astrocytes in the Context of Schizophrenic Dementia. Front. Pharmacol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01612"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1986.01800010033004","article-title":"Quantitative cytoarchitectural studies of the cerebral cortex of schizophrenics","volume":"43","author":"Benes","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(01)00527-5","article-title":"Glial cell abnormalities in major psychiatric disorders: The evidence and implications","volume":"55","author":"Cotter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.019","article-title":"Abnormal expression of glutamate transporters in temporal lobe areas in elderly patients with schizophrenia","volume":"144","author":"Shan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2013.07.024","article-title":"Increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in prefrontal cortex in psychotic illness","volume":"150","author":"Feresten","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.90","article-title":"Postmortem evidence of cerebral inflammation in schizophrenia: A systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Hopperton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2019.11.002","article-title":"Prefrontal cortex alterations in glia gene expression in schizophrenia with and without suicide","volume":"121","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2010.252","article-title":"Astrocyte and glutamate markers in the superficial, deep, and white matter layers of the anterior cingulate gyrus in schizophrenia","volume":"36","author":"Katsel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.07.010","article-title":"Transcriptomic Evidence for Alterations in Astrocytes and Parvalbumin Interneurons in Subjects With Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia","volume":"84","author":"Toker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-017-0458-5","article-title":"Post-mortem molecular profiling of three psychiatric disorders","volume":"9","author":"Ramaker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2018.10.013","article-title":"Enrichment of rare genetic variants in astrocyte gene enriched co-expression modules altered in postmortem brain samples of schizophrenia","volume":"121","author":"Costas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.97","article-title":"Pathogenic disruption of DISC1-serine racemase binding elicits schizophrenia-like behavior via D-serine depletion","volume":"18","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.129","article-title":"DISC1 in Astrocytes Influences Adult Neurogenesis and Hippocampus-Dependent Behaviors in Mice","volume":"42","author":"Terrillion","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Facal, F., and Costas, J. (2019). Evidence of association of the DISC1 interactome gene set with schizophrenia from GWAS. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 95.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2019.109729"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.154","article-title":"DISC1 a key molecular lead in psychiatry and neurodevelopment: No-More Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia 1","volume":"21","author":"Niwa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2254","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0087-4","article-title":"DNA sequence-level analyses reveal potential phenotypic modifiers in a large family with psychiatric disorders","volume":"23","author":"Ryan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2936","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddaa180","article-title":"Astrocyte DISC1 contributes to cognitive function in a brain region-dependent manner","volume":"29","author":"Shevelkin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.05.001","article-title":"Loss of glial glutamate and aspartate transporter (excitatory amino acid transporter 1) causes locomotor hyperactivity and exaggerated responses to psychotomimetics: Rescue by haloperidol and metabotropic glutamate 2\/3 agonist","volume":"64","author":"Karlsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2008.215","article-title":"Assessment of glutamate transporter GLAST (EAAT1)-deficient mice for phenotypes relevant to the negative and executive\/cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia","volume":"34","author":"Karlsson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12161","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0509144103","article-title":"From the Cover: Indispensability of the glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT1 to brain development","volume":"103","author":"Matsugami","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2017.06.012","article-title":"Human iPSC Glial Mouse Chimeras Reveal Glial Contributions to Schizophrenia","volume":"21","author":"Windrem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2016.04.010","article-title":"GLT-1: The elusive presynaptic glutamate transporter","volume":"98","author":"Rimmele","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"2301","article-title":"Early-life bisphenol A exposure causes neuronal pyroptosis in juvenile and adult male rats through the NF-\u03baB\/IL-1\u03b2\/NLRP3\/caspase-1 signaling pathway: Exploration of age and dose as effective covariates using an in vivo and in silico modeling approach","volume":"480","author":"Moussa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2010.74","article-title":"Blockade of astrocytic glutamate uptake in rats induces signs of anhedonia and impaired spatial memory","volume":"35","author":"Walther","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22902","article-title":"Astrocyte-expressed FABP7 regulates dendritic morphology and excitatory synaptic function of cortical neurons","volume":"64","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6495","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddu369","article-title":"Functional characterization of FABP3, 5 and 7 gene variants identified in schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder and mouse behavioral studies","volume":"23","author":"Shimamoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0612-5","article-title":"Schizophrenia polygenic risk score and 20-year course of illness in psychotic disorders","volume":"9","author":"Jonas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elgueta, D., Murgas, P., Riquelme, E., Yang, G., and Cancino, G.I. (2022). Consequences of Viral Infection and Cytokine Production During Pregnancy on Brain Development in Offspring. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.816619"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12993-019-0154-2","article-title":"Age-related changes in neuroinflammation and prepulse inhibition in offspring of rats treated with Poly I:C in early gestation","volume":"15","author":"Ding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Funct."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.107.035535","article-title":"Congenital anomalies and early functional impairments in a prospective birth cohort: Risk of schizophrenia-spectrum disorder in adulthood","volume":"192","author":"Waddington","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.03.002","article-title":"The long-term behavioural consequences of prenatal stress","volume":"32","author":"Weinstock","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-015-1081-7","article-title":"The aetiology of schizophrenia: What have the Swedish Medical Registers taught us?","volume":"50","author":"Harper","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2021.10.018","article-title":"Schizophrenia Genomics: Convergence on Synaptic Development, Adult Synaptic Plasticity, or Both?","volume":"91","author":"Hall","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-00944-8","article-title":"Neurexins in autism and schizophrenia-a review of patient mutations, mouse models and potential future directions","volume":"26","author":"Tromp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04556-w","article-title":"Rare coding variants in ten genes confer substantial risk for schizophrenia","volume":"604","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04434-5","article-title":"Mapping genomic loci implicates genes and synaptic biology in schizophrenia","volume":"604","author":"Trubetskoy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmitt, A., Malchow, B., Hasan, A., and Falkai, P. (2014). The impact of environmental factors in severe psychiatric disorders. Front. Neurosci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00019"},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Weinberger, D.R. (1986). The pathogenesis of schizophrenia: A neurodevelopmental theory. Neurology of Schizophrenia, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00237-3","article-title":"Loss and altered spatial distribution of oligodendrocytes in the superior frontal gyrus in schizophrenia","volume":"53","author":"Hof","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-008-0430-y","article-title":"Stereologic investigation of the posterior part of the hippocampus in schizophrenia","volume":"117","author":"Schmitt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbv157","article-title":"Decreased Oligodendrocyte and Neuron Number in Anterior Hippocampal Areas and the Entire Hippocampus in Schizophrenia: A Stereological Postmortem Study","volume":"42","author":"Falkai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-019-01067-0","article-title":"Association between altered hippocampal oligodendrocyte number and neuronal circuit structures in schizophrenia: A postmortem analysis","volume":"270","author":"Falkai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"561","article-title":"Effects of NMDA receptor antagonists on the developing brain","volume":"30","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(89)90124-7","article-title":"Changes in synaptic density in motor cortex of rhesus monkey during fetal and postnatal life","volume":"50","author":"Zecevic","year":"1989","journal-title":"Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/0387-7604(95)00079-Q","article-title":"Neurotransmitters and vulnerability of the developing brain","volume":"17","author":"Johnston","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3109\/10673229609017192","article-title":"The glutamatergic dysfunction hypothesis for schizophrenia","volume":"3","author":"Coyle","year":"1996","journal-title":"Harv. Rev. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00042.2016","article-title":"Physiology of Astroglia","volume":"98","author":"Verkhratsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2014.03.005","article-title":"Mechanisms of astrocyte development and their contributions to neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"27","author":"Sloan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiareli, R.A., Carvalho, G.A., Marques, B.L., Mota, L.S., Oliveira-Lima, O.C., Gomes, R.M., Birbrair, A., Gomez, R.S., Sim\u00e3o, F., and Klempin, F. (2021). The Role of Astrocytes in the Neurorepair Process. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.665795"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-009-0619-8","article-title":"Astrocytes: Biology and pathology","volume":"119","author":"Sofroniew","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Shen, M., Stockton, M.E., and Zhao, X. (2019). Hippocampal deficits in neurodevelopmental disorders. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem., 165.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2018.10.001"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45096-4_1","article-title":"Introduction to the Glutamate-Glutamine Cycle","volume":"13","author":"Sonnewald","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2021.108758","article-title":"The tripartite glutamatergic synapse","volume":"199","author":"Lalo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmoud, S., Gharagozloo, M., Simard, C., and Gris, D. (2019). Astrocytes Maintain Glutamate Homeostasis in the CNS by Controlling the Balance between Glutamate Uptake and Release. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8020184"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sattler, R., and Rothstein, J.D. (2006). Regulation and dysregulation of glutamate transporters. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-29784-7_14"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2006.03913.x","article-title":"The glutamate\/GABA-glutamine cycle: Aspects of transport, neurotransmitter homeostasis and ammonia transfer","volume":"98","author":"Bak","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.2217\/pgs.14.42","article-title":"Exploring effects of EAAT polymorphisms on cognitive functions in schizophrenia","volume":"15","author":"Spangaro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(09)17906-2","article-title":"NR1 knockdown mice as a representative model of the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia","volume":"179","author":"Ramsey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20140413","article-title":"Restored glial glutamate transporter EAAT2 function as a potential therapeutic approach for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"212","author":"Takahashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2021.03.015","article-title":"Cell adhesion molecules regulating astrocyte-neuron interactions","volume":"69","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8639","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-52974-3","article-title":"Astrocytic neuroligin 3 regulates social memory and synaptic plasticity through adenosine signaling in male mice","volume":"15","author":"Dang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-016-1267-0","article-title":"Different segments of the cerebral vasculature reveal specific endothelial specifications, while tight junction proteins appear equally distributed","volume":"222","author":"Hanske","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ikeshima-Kataoka, H. (2016). Neuroimmunological Implications of AQP4 in Astrocytes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17081306"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1206936","article-title":"The Hedgehog pathway promotes blood-brain barrier integrity and CNS immune quiescence","volume":"334","author":"Alvarez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabk2055","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abk2055","article-title":"Convergence of adenosine and GABA signaling for synapse stabilization during development","volume":"374","author":"Zappettini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0226-y","article-title":"Dysfunction of homeostatic control of dopamine by astrocytes in the developing prefrontal cortex leads to cognitive impairments","volume":"25","author":"Petrelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25018","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.111450","article-title":"Dopamine induces Ca2+ signaling in astrocytes through reactive oxygen species generated by monoamine oxidase","volume":"285","author":"Vaarmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20455","article-title":"Downregulation of Kir4.1 inward rectifying potassium channel subunits by RNAi impairs potassium transfer and glutamate uptake by cultured cortical astrocytes","volume":"55","author":"Kucheryavykh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1007\/s11373-005-9015-0","article-title":"Glutamatergic hypothesis of schizophrenia: Involvement of Na+\/K+-dependent glutamate transport","volume":"12","author":"Nanitsos","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2019.100034","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and glial cell activation in mental disorders","volume":"2","author":"Almeida","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun. Health"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5763","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-019-1489-2","article-title":"FABP7 Protects Astrocytes Against ROS Toxicity via Lipid Droplet Formation","volume":"56","author":"Islam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.2174\/138161208784480243","article-title":"COX-2 inhibition in schizophrenia and major depression","volume":"14","author":"Schwarz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07456","article-title":"Neuroligins and neurexins link synaptic function to cognitive disease","volume":"455","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3489","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-015-1937-8","article-title":"Glutamate transporter EAAT2: Regulation, function, and potential as a therapeutic target for neurological and psychiatric disease","volume":"72","author":"Takahashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rygvold, T.W., Hatlestad-Hall, C., Elvs\u00e5shagen, T., Moberget, T., and Andersson, S. (2022). Long-Term Potentiation-Like Visual Synaptic Plasticity Is Negatively Associated With Self-Reported Symptoms of Depression and Stress in Healthy Adults. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.867675"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamilton, H.K., Roach, B.J., Cavus, I., Teyler, T.J., Clapp, W.C., Ford, J.M., Tarakci, E., Krystal, J.H., and Mathalon, D.H. (2020). Impaired Potentiation of Theta Oscillations During a Visual Cortical Plasticity Paradigm in Individuals With Schizophrenia. Front. Psychiatry, 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.590567"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(92)80397-Y","article-title":"The presence of free D-serine in rat brain","volume":"296","author":"Hashimoto","year":"1992","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-020-03014-1","article-title":"D-Serine, the Shape-Shifting NMDA Receptor Co-agonist","volume":"45","author":"Coyle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat0473","article-title":"Glia as architects of central nervous system formation and function","volume":"362","author":"Allen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111988","article-title":"Astrocytic cell adhesion genes linked to schizophrenia correlate with synaptic programs in neurons","volume":"42","author":"Trehan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01150-1","article-title":"Aberrant astrocyte protein secretion contributes to altered neuronal development in multiple models of neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"25","author":"Caldwell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2470","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01486-x","article-title":"Astrocytes derived from ASD individuals alter behavior and destabilize neuronal activity through aberrant Ca2+ signaling","volume":"27","author":"Allen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3321","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23843-0","article-title":"Impaired calcium signaling in astrocytes modulates autism spectrum disorder-like behaviors in mice","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2023.11.021","article-title":"Revisiting astrocytic calcium signaling in the brain","volume":"4","author":"Bai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fundam. Res."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs122","article-title":"Astrocyte calcium signal and gliotransmission in human brain tissue","volume":"23","author":"Navarrete","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.07.029","article-title":"Activity and metabolism-related Ca2+ and mitochondrial dynamics in co-cultured human fetal cortical neurons and astrocytes","volume":"250","author":"Fu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.11.013","article-title":"Purification and Characterization of Progenitor and Mature Human Astrocytes Reveals Transcriptional and Functional Differences with Mouse","volume":"89","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1226740","article-title":"Glutamate-dependent neuroglial calcium signaling differs between young and adult brain","volume":"339","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.02.007","article-title":"Gliotransmitters travel in time and space","volume":"81","author":"Araque","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2014.02.008","article-title":"Diversity of astroglial functions alludes to subcellular specialisation","volume":"37","author":"Rusakov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3725","article-title":"Astrocyte Ca\u00b2\u207a signalling: An unexpected complexity","volume":"15","author":"Volterra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01284-w","article-title":"Norepinephrine links astrocytic activity to regulation of cortical state","volume":"26","author":"Reitman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111426","article-title":"Dopamine activates astrocytes in prefrontal cortex via \u03b11-adrenergic receptors","volume":"40","author":"Pittolo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2021.06.010","article-title":"Dual metabotropic glutamate receptor signaling enables coordination of astrocyte and neuron activity in developing sensory domains","volume":"109","author":"Kellner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.12.026","article-title":"Dopamine-Evoked Synaptic Regulation in the Nucleus Accumbens Requires Astrocyte Activity","volume":"105","author":"Corkrum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceca.2018.12.007","article-title":"Spatiotemporal pattern of calcium activity in astrocytic network","volume":"78","author":"Semyanov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Calcium"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaai8185","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aai8185","article-title":"Three-dimensional Ca(2+) imaging advances understanding of astrocyte biology","volume":"356","author":"Bindocci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s10867-009-9155-y","article-title":"Glutamate regulation of calcium and IP3 oscillating and pulsating dynamics in astrocytes","volume":"35","author":"Goldberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.08.011","article-title":"Neuronal synchrony mediated by astrocytic glutamate through activation of extrasynaptic NMDA receptors","volume":"43","author":"Fellin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4967","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5572-07.2008","article-title":"Loss of IP3 receptor-dependent Ca2+ increases in hippocampal astrocytes does not affect baseline CA1 pyramidal neuron synaptic activity","volume":"28","author":"Petravicz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23107","article-title":"Astrocytic IP(3) Rs: Contribution to Ca(2+) signalling and hippocampal LTP","volume":"65","author":"Sherwood","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oschmann, F., Mergenthaler, K., Jungnickel, E., and Obermayer, K. (2017). Spatial separation of two different pathways accounting for the generation of calcium signals in astrocytes. PLoS Comput. Biol., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005377"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"AN20110059","DOI":"10.1042\/AN20110059","article-title":"Plasmalemmal Na+\/Ca2+ exchanger modulates Ca2+-dependent exocytotic release of glutamate from rat cortical astrocytes","volume":"4","author":"Reyes","year":"2012","journal-title":"ASN Neuro"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ishibashi, M., Egawa, K., and Fukuda, A. (2019). Diverse Actions of Astrocytes in GABAergic Signaling. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20122964"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13572","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13572","article-title":"Astrocytic GABA transporter activity modulates excitatory neurotransmission","volume":"7","author":"Boddum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-55470-w","article-title":"Synaptic signatures and disease vulnerabilities of layer 5 pyramidal neurons","volume":"16","author":"Marcassa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(01)00349-9","article-title":"Stem cells in neurodevelopment and plasticity","volume":"25","author":"Vaccarino","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-010-9148-4","article-title":"The basics of brain development","volume":"20","author":"Stiles","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, F., Zhang, J., Wang, X., Han, M., Fei, Y., and Wang, J. (2025). Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in Schizophrenia: Insights, Mechanisms, and Future Directions. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26030873"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manu, D.R., Slevin, M., Barcutean, L., Forro, T., Boghitoiu, T., and Balasa, R. (2023). Astrocyte Involvement in Blood-Brain Barrier Function: A Critical Update Highlighting Novel, Complex, Neurovascular Interactions. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242417146"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xing, G., Zhao, T., Zhang, X., Li, H., Li, X., Cui, P., Li, M., Li, D., Zhang, N., and Jiang, W. (2020). Astrocytic Sonic Hedgehog Alleviates Intracerebral Hemorrhagic Brain Injury via Modulation of Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity. Front. Cell Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.575690"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.04.041","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and white matter pathology in schizophrenia: Systematic review","volume":"161","author":"Najjar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.216","article-title":"Transcriptome alterations of prefrontal cortical parvalbumin neurons in schizophrenia","volume":"23","author":"Huo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-01054-3","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier associated tight junction disruption is a hallmark feature of major psychiatric disorders","volume":"10","author":"Greene","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2017.12.004","article-title":"Brain docosahexaenoic acid uptake and metabolism","volume":"64","author":"Lacombe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/7651_2020_316","article-title":"Evaluation of Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity Using Vascular Permeability Markers: Evans Blue, Sodium Fluorescein, Albumin-Alexa Fluor Conjugates, and Horseradish Peroxidase","volume":"2367","author":"Ahishali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, K., Zhang, Y., Paudel, K.R., Kachelmeier, A., Hansbro, P.M., and Shi, X. (2022). The Emerging Role of Pericyte-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Vascular and Neurological Health. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11193108"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanca, S., Rossetti, M., Bokulic Panichi, L., and Bongioanni, P. (2024). The Cellular Dysfunction of the Brain-Blood Barrier from Endothelial Cells to Astrocytes: The Pathway towards Neurotransmitter Impairment in Schizophrenia. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25021250"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1006\/brbi.2001.0646","article-title":"Immunohistochemical localization of phosphorylated glial fibrillary acidic protein in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus from patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression","volume":"15","author":"Webster","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2005.02.037","article-title":"Glial fibrillary acidic protein mRNA levels in the cingulate cortex of individuals with depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia","volume":"133","author":"Webster","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dalamaga, M., Kounatidis, D., Tsilingiris, D., Vallianou, N.G., Karampela, I., Psallida, S., and Papavassiliou, A.G. (2024). The Role of Endocrine Disruptors Bisphenols and Phthalates in Obesity: Current Evidence, Perspectives and Controversies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010675"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takata, F., Nakagawa, S., Matsumoto, J., and Dohgu, S. (2021). Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction Amplifies the Development of Neuroinflammation: Understanding of Cellular Events in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells for Prevention and Treatment of BBB Dysfunction. Front. Cell Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.661838"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5598","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab183","article-title":"Maternal Bisphenol A (BPA) Exposure Alters Cerebral Cortical Morphogenesis and Synaptic Function in Mice","volume":"31","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, Y.H., Wu, N., and Yuan, X.B. (2019). Toward a Better Understanding of Neuronal Migration Deficits in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2019.00205"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-014-0158-7","article-title":"Calcineurin and glial signaling: Neuroinflammation and beyond","volume":"11","author":"Furman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7231","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1709-08.2008","article-title":"STAT3 is a critical regulator of astrogliosis and scar formation after spinal cord injury","volume":"28","author":"Herrmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.05.043","article-title":"The complex STATes of astrocyte reactivity: How are they controlled by the JAK-STAT3 pathway?","volume":"330","author":"Abjean","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.01.013","article-title":"Involvement of p38 MAPK in reactive astrogliosis induced by ischemic stroke","volume":"1551","author":"Ryou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410350507","article-title":"Decreased concentrations of GLUT1 and GLUT3 glucose transporters in the brains of patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"35","author":"Simpson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11087","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E controls cerebrovascular integrity via cyclophilin A","volume":"485","author":"Bell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2011.06.002","article-title":"Cholesterol metabolism in neurons and astrocytes","volume":"50","author":"Pfrieger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858402008003011","article-title":"Ion regulation in the brain: Implications for pathophysiology","volume":"8","author":"Somjen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(96)00600-8","article-title":"Ion homeostasis in brain cells: Differences in intracellular ion responses to energy limitation between cultured neurons and glial cells","volume":"78","author":"Silver","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y.F., Sytwu, H.K., and Lung, F.W. (2018). Human Aquaporin 4 Gene Polymorphisms and Haplotypes Are Associated With Serum S100B Level and Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia in a Southern Chinese Han Population. Front. Psychiatry, 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00657"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e31825370f4","article-title":"Different impacts of aquaporin 4 and MAOA allele variation among olanzapine, risperidone, and paliperidone in schizophrenia","volume":"32","author":"Chung","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1252","article-title":"The molecular basis of water transport in the brain","volume":"4","author":"Ottersen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.08.016","article-title":"Brain energy metabolism: Focus on astrocyte-neuron metabolic cooperation","volume":"14","author":"Allaman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2018.19","article-title":"Lactate in the brain: From metabolic end-product to signalling molecule","volume":"19","author":"Magistretti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-022-00641-1","article-title":"Astrocyte contribution to dysfunction, risk and progression in neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"24","author":"Brandebura","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-007-0150-4","article-title":"Anatomical analysis of afferent projections to the medial prefrontal cortex in the rat","volume":"212","author":"Hoover","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, J., and Maren, S. (2015). Prefrontal-Hippocampal Interactions in Memory and Emotion. Front. Syst. Neurosci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2015.00170"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12636","DOI":"10.1111\/gbb.12636","article-title":"Glutamate dehydrogenase deficiency disrupts glutamate homeostasis in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex and impairs recognition memory","volume":"19","author":"Lander","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genes Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02534-y","article-title":"Synergistic, long-term effects of glutamate dehydrogenase 1 deficiency and mild stress on cognitive function and mPFC gene and miRNA expression","volume":"13","author":"Asraf","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dittlau, K.S., Chandrasekaran, A., Freude, K., and Van Den Bosch, L. (2024). Generation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (hiPSC)-Derived Astrocytes for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Other Neurodegenerative Disease Studies. Bio Protoc., 14.","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.4936"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, J., Li, C., and Shang, H. (2022). Astrocytes in Neurodegeneration: Inspiration From Genetics. Front. Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.882316"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.12703\/P6-13","article-title":"The M1 and M2 paradigm of macrophage activation: Time for reassessment","volume":"6","author":"Martinez","year":"2014","journal-title":"F1000Prime Rep."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3880","article-title":"Immune attack: The role of inflammation in Alzheimer disease","volume":"16","author":"Heppner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21029","article-title":"Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia","volume":"541","author":"Liddelow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6391","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6221-11.2012","article-title":"Genomic analysis of reactive astrogliosis","volume":"32","author":"Zamanian","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60995-8","article-title":"Schizophrenia","volume":"374","author":"Kapur","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbn187","article-title":"The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia, revisited","volume":"35","author":"Fatemi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popovic, D., Schmitt, A., Kaurani, L., Senner, F., Papiol, S., Malchow, B., Fischer, A., Schulze, T.G., Koutsouleris, N., and Falkai, P. (2019). Childhood Trauma in Schizophrenia: Current Findings and Research Perspectives. Front. Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00274"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbn101","article-title":"Psychosocial stress and psychosis. A review of the neurobiological mechanisms and the evidence for gene-stress interaction","volume":"34","author":"Stefanis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2015.12.003","article-title":"Childhood traumatic events and types of auditory verbal hallucinations in first-episode schizophrenia patients","volume":"66","author":"Misiak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.03.035","article-title":"Glial cells as key players in schizophrenia pathology: Recent insights and concepts of therapy","volume":"161","author":"Bernstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scarante, F.F., Ribeiro, M.A., Almeida-Santos, A.F., Guimar\u00e3es, F.S., and Campos, A.C. (2020). Glial Cells and Their Contribution to the Mechanisms of Action of Cannabidiol in Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Front. Pharmacol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.618065"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-024-06632-7","article-title":"Glia dysfunction in schizophrenia: Evidence of possible therapeutic effects of nervonic acid in a preclinical model","volume":"241","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Purves-Tyson, T.D., Robinson, K., Brown, A.M., Boerrigter, D., Cai, H.Q., Weissleder, C., Owens, S.J., Rothmond, D.A., and Shannon Weickert, C. (2020). Increased Macrophages and C1qA, C3, C4 Transcripts in the Midbrain of People With Schizophrenia. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.02002"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-021-02672-8","article-title":"Glial Cell Abnormalities in Major Psychiatric Diseases: A Systematic Review of Postmortem Brain Studies","volume":"59","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1075","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2017.4","article-title":"Immune involvement in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia: A meta-analysis on postmortem brain studies","volume":"7","author":"Gremmels","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2020.04.002","article-title":"Induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in activated microglia and astrocytes following pre- and postnatal immune challenge in an animal model of schizophrenia","volume":"35","author":"Esshili","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4103\/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_104_21","article-title":"Glial changes in schizophrenia: Genetic and epigenetic approach","volume":"64","author":"Francisco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-018-0176-9","article-title":"Gabrb2-knockout mice displayed schizophrenia-like and comorbid phenotypes with interneuron-astrocyte-microglia dysregulation","volume":"8","author":"Yeung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-012-8293-6","article-title":"Calcium-dependent networks in dopamine-glutamate interaction: The role of postsynaptic scaffolding proteins","volume":"46","author":"Tomasetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14613","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14613","article-title":"Evolution of complexity in the zebrafish synapse proteome","volume":"8","author":"Collins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dosemeci, A., Weinberg, R.J., Reese, T.S., and Tao-Cheng, J.H. (2016). The Postsynaptic Density: There Is More than Meets the Eye. Front. Synaptic Neurosci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsyn.2016.00023"},{"key":"ref_208","first-page":"374","article-title":"Synapse Pathology in Schizophrenia: A Meta-analysis of Postsynaptic Elements in Postmortem Brain Studies","volume":"46","author":"Muflihah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0041-5","article-title":"Synaptic loss in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis and systematic review of synaptic protein and mRNA measures","volume":"24","author":"Osimo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1093\/jb\/mvy022","article-title":"Postsynaptic density proteins and their involvement in neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"163","author":"Kaizuka","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(01)00327-8","article-title":"Acute administration of antipsychotics modulates Homer striatal gene expression differentially","volume":"98","author":"Aloj","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.02.012","article-title":"Re-arrangements of gene transcripts at glutamatergic synapses after prolonged treatments with antipsychotics: A putative link with synaptic remodeling","volume":"76","author":"Buonaguro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-010-1954-0","article-title":"Divergent acute and chronic modulation of glutamatergic postsynaptic density genes expression by the antipsychotics haloperidol and sertindole","volume":"212","author":"Iasevoli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2015.01.003","article-title":"Progressive recruitment of cortical and striatal regions by inducible postsynaptic density transcripts after increasing doses of antipsychotics with different receptor profiles: Insights for psychosis treatment","volume":"25","author":"Iasevoli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881116658987","article-title":"Postsynaptic density protein transcripts are differentially modulated by minocycline alone or in add-on to haloperidol: Implications for treatment resistant schizophrenia","volume":"31","author":"Buonaguro","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2018.01.006","article-title":"Nicotine and caffeine modulate haloperidol-induced changes in postsynaptic density transcripts expression: Translational insights in psychosis therapy and treatment resistance","volume":"28","author":"Iasevoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.08.019","article-title":"Translating preclinical findings in clinically relevant new antipsychotic targets: Focus on the glutamatergic postsynaptic density. Implications for treatment resistant schizophrenia","volume":"107","author":"Avagliano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/jdn.10179","article-title":"Modulatory effect of IL-1 inhibition following lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation in neonatal microglia and astrocytes","volume":"82","author":"Pierre","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.63.2.456","article-title":"Proteins of the postsynaptic density","volume":"63","author":"Banker","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Granger, A.J., and Nicoll, R.A. (2014). Expression mechanisms underlying long-term potentiation: A postsynaptic view, 10 years on. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., 369.","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0136"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.08.010","article-title":"Extracellular matrix abnormalities in schizophrenia","volume":"62","author":"Berretta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2018.02.003","article-title":"The tetrapartite synapse: A key concept in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia","volume":"50","author":"Chelini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6897","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-16-06897.1999","article-title":"Three-dimensional relationships between hippocampal synapses and astrocytes","volume":"19","author":"Ventura","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20415","article-title":"Plasticity of perisynaptic astroglia during synaptogenesis in the mature rat hippocampus","volume":"55","author":"Witcher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021909-135843","article-title":"Integrated brain circuits: Astrocytic networks modulate neuronal activity and behavior","volume":"72","author":"Halassa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(91)90238-U","article-title":"Intercellular signaling in glial cells: Calcium waves and oscillations in response to mechanical stimulation and glutamate","volume":"6","author":"Charles","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harada, K., Kamiya, T., and Tsuboi, T. (2015). Gliotransmitter Release from Astrocytes: Functional, Developmental, and Pathological Implications in the Brain. Front. Neurosci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2015.00499"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450117666160711154529","article-title":"A Central Role for ATP Signalling in Glial Interactions in the CNS","volume":"17","author":"Rivera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00027.2007","article-title":"Diffusion in brain extracellular space","volume":"88","author":"Nicholson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7177","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-16-07177.2002","article-title":"Impairment of L-type Ca2+ channel-dependent forms of hippocampal synaptic plasticity in mice deficient in the extracellular matrix glycoprotein tenascin-C","volume":"22","author":"Evers","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2898","article-title":"The dual role of the extracellular matrix in synaptic plasticity and homeostasis","volume":"11","author":"Dityatev","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.196","article-title":"Extracellular matrix-glial abnormalities in the amygdala and entorhinal cortex of subjects diagnosed with schizophrenia","volume":"67","author":"Pantazopoulos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e496","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2014.128","article-title":"Aggrecan and chondroitin-6-sulfate abnormalities in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A postmortem study on the amygdala","volume":"5","author":"Pantazopoulos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24131","article-title":"Contribution of astrocytes to familial risk and clinical manifestation of schizophrenia","volume":"70","author":"Koskuvi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6233","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2984-18.2019","article-title":"Close Homolog of L1 Regulates Dendritic Spine Density in the Mouse Cerebral Cortex Through Semaphorin 3B","volume":"39","author":"Mohan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.120007","article-title":"Abnormal synaptic pruning in schizophrenia: Urban myth or reality?","volume":"37","author":"Boksa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20725","article-title":"The synaptic pruning hypothesis of schizophrenia: Promises and challenges","volume":"19","author":"Keshavan","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16096","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2010281117","article-title":"Core Concept: How synaptic pruning shapes neural wiring during development and, possibly, in disease","volume":"117","author":"Sakai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0334-7","article-title":"Increased synapse elimination by microglia in schizophrenia patient-derived models of synaptic pruning","volume":"22","author":"Sellgren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2017.08.017","article-title":"The diverse actions of astrocytes during synaptic development","volume":"47","author":"Bosworth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12776","article-title":"Astrocytes mediate synapse elimination through MEGF10 and MERTK pathways","volume":"504","author":"Chung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1058827","article-title":"Glia-synapse interaction through Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors in Bergmann glia","volume":"292","author":"Iino","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal3589","article-title":"Astrocyte-derived interleukin-33 promotes microglial synapse engulfment and neural circuit development","volume":"359","author":"Vainchtein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15043","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.15043","article-title":"Astrocytes contribute to synapse elimination via type 2 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor-dependent release of ATP","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.04.028","article-title":"The Drosophila cell corpse engulfment receptor Draper mediates glial clearance of severed axons","volume":"50","author":"MacDonald","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06901","article-title":"Draper-dependent glial phagocytic activity is mediated by Src and Syk family kinase signalling","volume":"453","author":"Ziegenfuss","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.01.071","article-title":"Regulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors by astrocytic D-serine","volume":"158","author":"Oliet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhr130","article-title":"Glial D-serine gates NMDA receptors at excitatory synapses in prefrontal cortex","volume":"22","author":"Fossat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08673","article-title":"Long-term potentiation depends on release of D-serine from astrocytes","volume":"463","author":"Henneberger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-9726.2006.00216.x","article-title":"A critical role for the glial-derived neuromodulator D-serine in the age-related deficits of cellular mechanisms of learning and memory","volume":"5","author":"Mothet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.02.051","article-title":"Glia-derived D-serine controls NMDA receptor activity and synaptic memory","volume":"125","author":"Panatier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41432","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.380824","article-title":"Astrocyte-induced synaptogenesis is mediated by transforming growth factor \u03b2 signaling through modulation of D-serine levels in cerebral cortex neurons","volume":"287","author":"Diniz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1036","article-title":"Wnts and TGF beta in synaptogenesis: Old friends signalling at new places","volume":"4","author":"Packard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.07.025","article-title":"A genetic variant of the serine racemase gene is associated with schizophrenia","volume":"61","author":"Morita","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2006.12.003","article-title":"Reviewing the role of the genes G72 and DAAO in glutamate neurotransmission in schizophrenia","volume":"17","author":"Boks","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2011.00905.x","article-title":"Association between the DAOA\/G72 gene and bipolar disorder and meta-analyses in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia","volume":"13","author":"Zai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2008.02.009","article-title":"Expression of D-serine and glycine transporters in the prefrontal cortex and cerebellum in schizophrenia","volume":"102","author":"Burnet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.10.010","article-title":"A CSF and postmortem brain study of D-serine metabolic parameters in schizophrenia","volume":"90","author":"Bendikov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.6.572","article-title":"Decreased serum levels of D-serine in patients with schizophrenia: Evidence in support of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor hypofunction hypothesis of schizophrenia","volume":"60","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garofalo, M., De Simone, G., Motta, Z., Nuzzo, T., De Grandis, E., Bruno, C., Boeri, S., Riccio, M.P., Pastore, L., and Bravaccio, C. (2024). Decreased free D-aspartate levels in the blood serum of patients with schizophrenia. Front. Psychiatry, 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1408175"},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-022-00231-1","article-title":"Machine Learning algorithm unveils glutamatergic alterations in the post-mortem schizophrenia brain","volume":"8","author":"Fontana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Schizophrenia"},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Bartolomeis, A., Vellucci, L., Austin, M.C., De Simone, G., and Barone, A. (2022). Rational and Translational Implications of D-Amino Acids for Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: From Neurobiology to the Clinics. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12070909"},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4178-07.2008","article-title":"A transcriptome database for astrocytes, neurons, and oligodendrocytes: A new resource for understanding brain development and function","volume":"28","author":"Cahoy","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1883","article-title":"The therapeutic potential of monoamine oxidase inhibitors","volume":"7","author":"Youdim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8043","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0900358106","article-title":"The organic cation transporter-3 is a pivotal modulator of neurodegeneration in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway","volume":"106","author":"Cui","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22484","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of histamine clearance by primary human astrocytes","volume":"61","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrelli, F., Zehnder, T., Pucci, L., Cali, C., Bondiolotti, B.M., Perez, A.M., Dallerac, G., D\u00e9glon, N., Giros, B., and Magara, F. (2021). Astrocytic VMAT2 in the developing prefrontal cortex is required for normal grooming behavior in mice. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.01.27.428434"},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1562","article-title":"Transcriptional and behavioral interaction between 22q11.2 orthologs modulates schizophrenia-related phenotypes in mice","volume":"8","author":"Paterlini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bezerra, T.O., and Roque, A.C. (2024). Dopamine facilitates the response to glutamatergic inputs in astrocyte cell models. PLoS Comput. Biol., 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1012688"},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-022-00390-x","article-title":"Function and therapeutic value of astrocytes in neurological diseases","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.08.012","article-title":"Astrocyte Crosstalk in CNS Inflammation","volume":"108","author":"Linnerbauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0125-8","article-title":"The aryl hydrocarbon receptor: An environmental sensor integrating immune responses in health and disease","volume":"19","author":"Rothhammer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-070918-050443","article-title":"The Emerging Nature of Astrocyte Diversity","volume":"42","author":"Khakh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.02.046","article-title":"Identification of positionally distinct astrocyte subtypes whose identities are specified by a homeodomain code","volume":"133","author":"Hochstim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13161","article-title":"Astrocyte-encoded positional cues maintain sensorimotor circuit integrity","volume":"509","author":"Molofsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1222381","article-title":"Regional astrocyte allocation regulates CNS synaptogenesis and repair","volume":"337","author":"Tsai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17915","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.17915","article-title":"A genomic lifespan program that reorganises the young adult brain is targeted in schizophrenia","volume":"6","author":"Skene","year":"2017","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_278","first-page":"37","article-title":"Why sex differences in schizophrenia?","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Transl. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30302-5","article-title":"Glial cells in schizophrenia: A unified hypothesis","volume":"7","author":"Dietz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(14)00122-9","article-title":"Inflammation and immunity in schizophrenia: Implications for pathophysiology and treatment","volume":"2","author":"Khandaker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01681-4","article-title":"A human iPSC-astroglia neurodevelopmental model reveals divergent transcriptomic patterns in schizophrenia","volume":"11","author":"Szabo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mena, A., Ruiz-Salas, J.C., Puentes, A., Dorado, I., Ruiz-Veguilla, M., and De la Casa, L.G. (2016). Reduced Prepulse Inhibition as a Biomarker of Schizophrenia. Front. Behav. Neurosci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2016.00202"},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baev, A.Y., Vinokurov, A.Y., Novikova, I.N., Dremin, V.V., Potapova, E.V., and Abramov, A.Y. (2022). Interaction of Mitochondrial Calcium and ROS in Neurodegeneration. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11040706"},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chavda, V., Singh, K., Patel, V., Mishra, M., and Mishra, A.K. (2022). Neuronal Glial Crosstalk: Specific and Shared Mechanisms in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Brain Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12010075"},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-022-00953-2","article-title":"Reactive gliosis in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A crucial role for cognitive impairment and memory loss","volume":"37","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.07.006","article-title":"Microglia and Astrocytes in Disease: Dynamic Duo or Partners in Crime?","volume":"41","author":"Liddelow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sofroniew, M.V. (2014). Astrogliosis. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 7.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a020420"},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3898","article-title":"Astrocyte barriers to neurotoxic inflammation","volume":"16","author":"Sofroniew","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.07.004","article-title":"Astrocyte Reactivity: Subtypes, States, and Functions in CNS Innate Immunity","volume":"41","author":"Sofroniew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2010.08.018","article-title":"D-amino acid oxidase knockdown in the mouse cerebellum reduces NR2A mRNA","volume":"46","author":"Burnet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.06.029","article-title":"Synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDA receptors are gated by different endogenous coagonists","volume":"150","author":"Papouin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2004.05.010","article-title":"Receptor compartmentalization and trafficking at glutamate synapses: A developmental proposal","volume":"27","author":"Yoshii","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2008.07.046","article-title":"Regulation of NMDA receptor subunit expression and its implications for LTD, LTP, and metaplasticity","volume":"55","author":"Yashiro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11059","article-title":"Astrocyte glypicans 4 and 6 promote formation of excitatory synapses via GluA1 AMPA receptors","volume":"486","author":"Allen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24221","article-title":"Emerging evidence for astrocyte dysfunction in schizophrenia","volume":"70","author":"Petrelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.09.053","article-title":"Astrocyte-Secreted Glypican 4 Regulates Release of Neuronal Pentraxin 1 from Axons to Induce Functional Synapse Formation","volume":"96","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e53200","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.202153200","article-title":"Regional heterogeneity of astrocyte morphogenesis dictated by the formin protein, Daam2, modifies circuit function","volume":"22","author":"Jo","year":"2021","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3484","article-title":"Emerging roles of astrocytes in neural circuit development","volume":"14","author":"Clarke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.1177\/15353702231222027","article-title":"The Janus face of antipsychotics in glial cells: Focus on glioprotection","volume":"248","author":"Schmitz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6460","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-022-02976-3","article-title":"Linking Inflammation, Aberrant Glutamate-Dopamine Interaction, and Post-synaptic Changes: Translational Relevance for Schizophrenia and Antipsychotic Treatment: A Systematic Review","volume":"59","author":"Barone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heider, J., Vogel, S., Volkmer, H., and Breitmeyer, R. (2021). Human iPSC-Derived Glia as a Tool for Neuropsychiatric Research and Drug Development. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910254"},{"key":"ref_302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.4.1964","article-title":"An astroglia-linked dopamine D2-receptor action in prefrontal cortex","volume":"98","author":"Khan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.188326.112","article-title":"Astrocytes and disease: A neurodevelopmental perspective","volume":"26","author":"Molofsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881114563634","article-title":"Glutamate and dopamine in schizophrenia: An update for the 21st century","volume":"29","author":"Howes","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6577","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-021-02574-9","article-title":"Gliotoxicity and Glioprotection: The Dual Role of Glial Cells","volume":"58","author":"Santos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fukuyama, K., and Okada, M. (2021). Effects of Atypical Antipsychotics, Clozapine, Quetiapine and Brexpiprazole on Astroglial Transmission Associated with Connexin43. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115623"},{"key":"ref_307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbab092","article-title":"Derivation and Molecular Characterization of a Morphological Subpopulation of Human iPSC Astrocytes Reveal a Potential Role in Schizophrenia and Clozapine Response","volume":"48","author":"Akkouh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Simone, G., Mazza, B., Vellucci, L., Barone, A., Ciccarelli, M., and de Bartolomeis, A. (2023). Schizophrenia Synaptic Pathology and Antipsychotic Treatment in the Framework of Oxidative and Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Translational Highlights for the Clinics and Treatment. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12040975"},{"key":"ref_309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-007-0744-2","article-title":"Effect of spirulina maxima on the haloperidol induced tardive dyskinesia and oxidative stress in rats","volume":"114","author":"Thaakur","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-022-00507-5","article-title":"The Impact of the Antipsychotic Medication Chlorpromazine on Cytotoxicity through Ca(2+) Signaling Pathway in Glial Cell Models","volume":"40","author":"Chu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref_311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-020-01929-8","article-title":"Ca2+ signaling as a mechanism of haloperidol-induced cytotoxicity in human astrocytes and assessing the protective role of a Ca2+ chelator","volume":"393","author":"Hsu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(99)00048-5","article-title":"Redox mechanisms at the glutamate synapse and their significance: A review","volume":"370","author":"Smythies","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2006.01.011","article-title":"Long-term antipsychotic treatments and crossover studies in rats: Differential effects of typical and atypical agents on the expression of antioxidant enzymes and membrane lipid peroxidation in rat brain","volume":"41","author":"Pillai","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1017\/S109285291900124X","article-title":"Keeping up with the therapeutic advances in schizophrenia: A review of novel and emerging pharmacological entities","volume":"24","author":"Krogmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."},{"key":"ref_315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0984-22.2022","article-title":"Lumateperone Normalizes Pathological Levels of Acute Inflammation through Important Pathways Known to Be Involved in Mood Regulation","volume":"43","author":"Dutheil","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-023-01531-5","article-title":"Xanomeline restores endogenous nicotinic acetylcholine receptor signaling in mouse prefrontal cortex","volume":"48","author":"Power","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20172","article-title":"Clozapine reduces GLT-1 expression and glutamate uptake in astrocyte cultures","volume":"50","author":"Melone","year":"2005","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001193","article-title":"Clozapine-induced reduction of glutamate transport in the frontal cortex is not mediated by GLAST and EAAC1","volume":"8","author":"Melone","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.10.002","article-title":"Astroglial correlates of neuropsychiatric disease: From astrocytopathy to astrogliosis","volume":"87","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237905","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1237905","article-title":"Global epigenomic reconfiguration during mammalian brain development","volume":"341","author":"Lister","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.11.019","article-title":"The transcription factor NFIA controls the onset of gliogenesis in the developing spinal cord","volume":"52","author":"Deneen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1440","article-title":"A positive autoregulatory loop of Jak-STAT signaling controls the onset of astrogliogenesis","volume":"8","author":"He","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.01.024","article-title":"Sox9 and NFIA coordinate a transcriptional regulatory cascade during the initiation of gliogenesis","volume":"74","author":"Kang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_324","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2006.04030.x","article-title":"GLT-1 down-regulation induced by clozapine in rat frontal cortex is associated with synaptophysin up-regulation","volume":"99","author":"Bragina","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R12","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddq160","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"19","author":"Crews","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_326","first-page":"3","article-title":"Mechanisms for neuronal degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and in models of motor neuron death (Review)","volume":"5","author":"Martin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gozlan, E., Lewit-Cohen, Y., and Frenkel, D. (2024). Sex Differences in Astrocyte Activity. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13201724"},{"key":"ref_328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2024.149170","article-title":"Menopause and Alzheimer\u2019s disease susceptibility: Exploring the potential mechanisms","volume":"1844","author":"Breeze","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_329","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, Y.J., Lin, C.H., and Lane, H.Y. (2021). From Menopause to Neurodegeneration-Molecular Basis and Potential Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168654"},{"key":"ref_330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kimura, M., Oda, Y., Hirose, Y., Kimura, H., Yoshino, K., Niitsu, T., Kanahara, N., Shirayama, Y., Hashimoto, K., and Iyo, M. (2021). Upregulation of heat-shock protein HSP-70 and glutamate transporter-1\/glutamine synthetase in the striatum and hippocampus in haloperidol-induced dopamine-supersensitivity-state rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 211.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2021.173288"},{"key":"ref_331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(99)00589-0","article-title":"Chronic haloperidol treatment impairs glutamate transport in the rat striatum","volume":"382","author":"McBean","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/15\/5\/615\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:20:16Z","timestamp":1760030416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/15\/5\/615"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]]},"references-count":331,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["biom15050615"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom15050615","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]]}}}