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Mitochondria, key organelles in the production of cellular energy, play an important role in this tissue dysfunction. Numerous studies highlight the close link between obesity and adipocyte mitochondrial dysfunction, resulting in excessive ROS production and adipose tissue inflammation. This inflammation is transmitted systemically, leading to metabolic disorders that also impact the central nervous system, where pro-inflammatory cytokines impair mitochondrial and cellular functions in different areas of the brain, leading to neurodegenerative diseases. To date, several bioactive compounds are able to prevent and\/or slow down neurogenerative processes by acting on mitochondrial functions. Among these, some molecules present in the Mediterranean diet, such as polyphenols, carotenoids, and omega-3 PUFAs, exert a protective action due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory ability. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the involvement of adipose tissue dysfunction in the development of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer\u2019s disease, Parkinson\u2019s disease, and multiple sclerosis, emphasizing the central role played by mitochondria, the main actors in the cross-talk between adipose tissue and the central nervous system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15050638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T11:35:13Z","timestamp":1746185713000},"page":"638","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["From Obesity to Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Peripheral Tissues and in the Central Nervous System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Marino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5084-5760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidia","family":"Petrella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5239-4329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiano","family":"Cimmino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amelia","family":"Pizzella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8422-3837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonietta","family":"Monda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Telematic University, 00166 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Allocca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Rotondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margherita","family":"D\u2019Angelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9490-9933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadia","family":"Musco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4799-0104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piera","family":"Iommelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Catapano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmela","family":"Bagnato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Nutrition Unit, Madonna Delle Grazie Hospital, 75100 Matera, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3916-9292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Paolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Innovation, Experimentation and Clinical Research, S. Maria Alle Scotte Hospital, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5890-1002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gina","family":"Cavaliere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2022.155217","article-title":"Update on the Epidemiology of Obesity and a Call to Action: As Its Twin COVID-19 Pandemic Appears to Be Receding, the Obesity and Dysmetabolism Pandemic Continues to Rage On","volume":"133","author":"Boutari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, M., Liu, S., and Zhang, C. (2022). 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