{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:15:05Z","timestamp":1760058905250,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health-National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","award":["R01NS102624"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS102624"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Behavioral, social, and physical characteristics are posited to distinguish the sexes, yet research on transcription-level sexual differences in the brain is limited. Here, we investigated sexually divergent brain transcriptomics in pre-pubertal cynomolgus macaques, a commonly used surrogate species to humans. Methods: A transcriptomic profile using RNA sequencing was generated for the temporal lobe, ventral midbrain, and cerebellum of three female and three male cynomolgus macaques previously treated with an adeno-associated virus vector mix. Statistical analyses to determine differentially expressed protein-coding genes in all three lobes were conducted using DeSeq2 with a false-discovery-rate-corrected p-value of 0.05. Results: We identified target genes in the temporal lobe, ventral midbrain, and cerebellum with functions in translation, immunity, behavior, and neurological disorders that exhibited statistically significant sexually divergent expression. Conclusions: We provide potential mechanistic insights into the epidemiological differences observed between the sexes with regard to mental health and infectious diseases, such as COVID-19. Our results provide pre-pubertal information on sexual differences in non-human primate brain transcriptomics and may provide insight into health disparities between the biological sexes in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15050671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T05:54:43Z","timestamp":1746510883000},"page":"671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sex Differences in Brain Transcriptomes of Juvenile Cynomolgus Macaques"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nadia","family":"Kabbej","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6975-8990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederick J.","family":"Ashby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9150-8333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Riva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics Core, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul D.","family":"Gamlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4070-725X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronald J.","family":"Mandel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aishwarya","family":"Kunta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Courtney J.","family":"Rouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2148-2868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Coy D.","family":"Heldermon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar\/ilt035","article-title":"Progress and prospects for genetic modification of nonhuman primate models in biomedical research","volume":"54","author":"Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"ILAR J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1147555","article-title":"Molecular and genomic data identify the closest living relative of primates","volume":"318","author":"Janecka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rhesus Macaque Genome Sequencing and Analysis Consortium, Gibbs, R., Rogers, J., Katze, M.G., Bumgarner, R., Weinstock, G.M., Mardis, E.R., Remington, K.A., Strausberg, R.L., and Venter, J.C. 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