{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T16:24:00Z","timestamp":1782059040922,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Recent studies indicate that in progressive multiple sclerosis (MS)\u2014an inflammatory and degenerative disease of the central nervous system\u2014the biological pathways associated with these effects remain poorly understood. Changes in body weight, whether presenting as overweight or underweight, as well as alterations in adipose and muscle tissue, together with chronic inflammation, may contribute to the disease and influence its course. Objective: This case\u2013control study aimed to measure inflammatory markers and myokine levels (myostatin and irisin), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and IL-6 in the serum of patients with multiple sclerosis and healthy control and assess whether the myokines and cytokines are associated with nutritional status. Methods: The study included 92 MS patients and 75 healthy volunteers. Nutritional status was assessed using the NRS (Nutritional Risk Screening) 2002 and GLIM (Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition) criteria. The risks of malnutrition or malnutrition were diagnosed based on ESPEN recommendations. Body composition analysis was performed using the BIA method with the InBody 120 analyzer. Routine laboratory parameters (albumin, lipidogram) were measured. Myostatin, irisin, BDNF, IL-6, and hsCRP were measured using ELISA methods. Statistical analysis was conducted using Statistica 13.0 software. Comparisons between the two groups were conducted using Student\u2019s t-test for normally distributed variables and the Mann\u2013Whitney U test for non-normally distributed variables; the differences between groups were calculated using either ANOVA or the Kruskal\u2013Wallis test. Post hoc analysis by the Bonferroni method was applied. Results: In the MS group, high risks of malnutrition (69.0%) and malnutrition (14.0%) were observed. A statistically significant correlation was found between malnutrition (GLIM) and s-albumin (R = 0.2; p &lt; 0.05) and hsCRP (R = 0.23; p &lt; 0.05). The MS patient group displayed significantly lower levels of irisin, higher levels of hsCRP, and lower s-albumin compared to healthy volunteers. Malnourished patients with MS exhibited significantly lower irisin levels, as well as higher hsCRP in comparison to MS patients who were at risk or well nourished. The levels of myostatin, BDNF, and IL6 did not differ depending on nutritional status. Irisin correlated with hsCRP (R Spearman = \u22120.5; p = 0.01). Conclusions: Our findings highlight the interplay between chronic inflammation, nutritional status, and myokines level in multiple sclerosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15050703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T03:59:26Z","timestamp":1747108766000},"page":"703","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Association Between Myokines, Inflammation, and Nutritional Status in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Natalia","family":"Mogi\u0142ko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroimmunology, Specialist Hospital in Grudzi\u0105dz, 86-300 Grudzi\u0105dz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8773-9649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylwia","family":"Ma\u0142gorzewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200009283431307","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"343","author":"Noseworthy","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12901","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Sarcopenia and the Relationship with Fat Mass: Descriptive Review","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2023.11.026","article-title":"Guidance for Assessment of the Inflammation Etiologic Criterion for the GLIM Diagnosis of Malnutrition: A Modified Delphi Approach","volume":"43","author":"Cederholm","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10065","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S489502","article-title":"Inflammatory and Nutritional Markers as Indicators for Diagnosing and Assessing Disease Activity in MS and NMOSD","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arhire, L.I., Mihalache, L., and Covasa, M. (2019). Irisin: A Hope in Understanding and Managing Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome. Front. Endocrinol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00524"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazur-Bialy, A.I., Poche\u0107, E., and Zarawski, M. (2017). Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Irisin, Mediator of Physical Activity, Are Connected with TLR4\/MyD88 Signaling Pathway Activation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18040701"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13656","article-title":"Irisin Levels in the Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis and the Expression and Distribution of Irisin in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis","volume":"206","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piccirillo, R. (2019). Exercise-Induced Myokines with Therapeutic Potential for Muscle Wasting. Front. Physiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00287"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azman, K.F., and Zakaria, R. (2022). Recent Advances on the Role of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23126827"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nociti, V., and Romozzi, M. (2023). The Role of BDNF in Multiple Sclerosis Neuroinflammation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24098447"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/373109a0","article-title":"Exercise and Brain Neurotrophins","volume":"373","author":"Neeper","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200838020-00001","article-title":"Exercise and Brain Health\u2014Implications for Multiple Sclerosis: Part 1\u2014Neuronal Growth Factors","volume":"38","author":"White","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue, B., Waseem, S.M.A., Zhu, Z., Alshahrani, M.A., Nazam, N., Anjum, F., Habib, A.H., Rafeeq, M.M., Nazam, F., and Sharma, M. (2022). Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor: A Connecting Link Between Nutrition, Lifestyle, and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Front. Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.925991"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.2012.02423.x","article-title":"The Central Role of Myostatin in Skeletal Muscle and Whole Body Homeostasis","volume":"205","author":"Elliott","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baig, M.H., Ahmad, K., Moon, J.S., Park, S.-Y., Ho Lim, J., Chun, H.J., Qadri, A.F., Hwang, Y.C., Jan, A.T., and Ahmad, S.S. (2022). Myostatin and Its Regulation: A Comprehensive Review of Myostatin Inhibiting Strategies. Front. Physiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.876078"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leal, L.G., Lopes, M.A., and Batista, M.L. (2018). Physical Exercise-Induced Myokines and Muscle-Adipose Tissue Crosstalk: A Review of Current Knowledge and the Implications for Health and Metabolic Diseases. Front. Physiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01307"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ginevi\u010dien\u0117, V., Jakaitien\u0117, A., Pranckevi\u010dien\u0117, E., Mila\u0161ius, K., and Utkus, A. (2021). Variants in the Myostatin Gene and Physical Performance Phenotype of Elite Athletes. Genes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12050757"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brandt, C., Nielsen, A.R., Fischer, C.P., Hansen, J., Pedersen, B.K., and Plomgaard, P. (2012). Plasma and Muscle Myostatin in Relation to Type 2 Diabetes. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037236"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1684\/ecn.2021.0474","article-title":"Metabolic Link between Obesity and Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"32","author":"Karczewski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Cytokine Netw."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"343","article-title":"Prevalence of Poor Nutrition Status in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Assessed by Different Diagnostic Tools","volume":"70","author":"Malgorzewicz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Pol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30470-2","article-title":"Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis: 2017 Revisions of the McDonald Criteria","volume":"17","author":"Thompson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-021-01647-9","article-title":"Serum Inflammatory Markers in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis and Their Association with Clinical Manifestations and MRI Findings","volume":"122","author":"Nazeri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Belg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, C., Ding, H., Deng, Y., Liu, H., Xiong, X., and Yang, Y. (2021). Irisin: A New Code Uncover the Relationship of Skeletal Muscle and Cardiovascular Health During Exercise. Front. Physiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.620608"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1177-6","article-title":"Decreased Level of Irisin, a Skeletal Muscle Cell-Derived Myokine, Is Associated with Post-Stroke Depression in the Ischemic Stroke Population","volume":"15","author":"Tu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ko\u017ama-\u015amiechowicz, M.A., Gajewski, B., Fortak, P., Gajewska, K., and Nowicki, M. (2023). Physical Activity, Body Composition, Serum Myokines and the Risk of Death in Hemodialysis Patients. Medicina, 59.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59112020"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.189.5.865","article-title":"Activated Human T Cells, B Cells, and Monocytes Produce Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor In Vitro and in Inflammatory Brain Lesions: A Neuroprotective Role of Inflammation?","volume":"189","author":"Kerschensteiner","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.003","article-title":"Immune Cell BDNF Secretion Is Associated with White Matter Volume in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"188","author":"Zivadinov","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22276","article-title":"Correlations between Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Production of BDNF, TNF-Alpha, IL-6, IL-10 and Cognitive Performances in Multiple Sclerosis Patients","volume":"88","author":"Patanella","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24186","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000024186","article-title":"Association of Myostatin, a Cytokine Released by Muscle, with Inflammation in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"100","author":"Guma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9793","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27665","article-title":"Myostatin Induces Tumor Necrosis Factor-\u03b1 Expression in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial Fibroblasts through the PI3K\u2013Akt Signaling Pathway","volume":"234","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.10-176917","article-title":"Pharmacological Inhibition of Myostatin Suppresses Systemic Inflammation and Muscle Atrophy in Mice with Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baczek, J., Silkiewicz, M., and Wojszel, Z.B. (2020). Myostatin as a Biomarker of Muscle Wasting and Other Pathologies-State of the Art and Knowledge Gaps. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082401"}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/15\/5\/703\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:31:07Z","timestamp":1760031067000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/15\/5\/703"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["biom15050703"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom15050703","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]]}}}