{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T01:49:43Z","timestamp":1793324983112,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":159,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,7]],"date-time":"2025-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects 6\u201319% of reproductive-age women worldwide, yet diagnosis remains challenging due to heterogeneous presentations and symptoms overlapping with other endocrine disorders. Recent studies have shown that gut dysbiosis plays a significant role in PCOS pathophysiology, with bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) functioning as critical mediators of the gut\u2013ovary axis. BEVs carry distinct cargos in PCOS patients\u2014including specific miRNAs and inflammatory proteins\u2014and show promise for both diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Artificial intelligence (AI) is emerging as a promising significant tool in PCOS research due to improved diagnostic accuracy and the capability to analyze complex datasets combining microbiome, BEV, and clinical parameters. These integrated approaches have the potential to better address PCOS multifactorial nature, enabling improved phenotypic classification and personalized treatment strategies. This review examines recent advances in the last 25 years in microbiome, BEV, and AI applications in PCOS research using PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. We explore the diagnostic potential of the AI-driven analysis of microbiome and BEV profiles, and address ethical considerations including data privacy and algorithmic bias. As these technologies continue to evolve, they hold increasing potential for the improvement of PCOS diagnosis and management, including the development of safer, more precise, and effective interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15060834","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T09:13:01Z","timestamp":1749460381000},"page":"834","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Harnessing Microbiome, Bacterial Extracellular Vesicle, and Artificial Intelligence for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Diagnosis and Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6178-7068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bhawna","family":"Kushawaha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tial T.","family":"Rem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1890-9821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuele","family":"Pelosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.05.003","article-title":"Criteria, Prevalence, and Phenotypes of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"106","author":"Lizneva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16057","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.57","article-title":"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Azziz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. 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