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China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202206080005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202206080005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020771","name":"Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82401252"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82401252"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This case\u2013control study evaluated the concentrations of zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu) in the aqueous humor (AH) of patients with primary glaucoma, and their relationships with clinical factors. Methods: This study enrolled 100 patients with primary glaucoma and categorized them into subtypes: acute angle-closure crisis (AACC), primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG), and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). A total of 67 patients with senile cataract were enrolled as controls. Their AH samples and clinical information were obtained. Results: In primary glaucoma, Zn, Fe, and Cu concentrations increased, especially in AACC group; Zn, Fe, and Cu were positively correlated mutually; and decreased Zn\/Fe and increased Fe\/Cu were observed. The number of quadrants with closed anterior chamber angle on gonioscopy was positively associated with Fe and Cu levels in AACC and with Zn and Cu levels in PACG. In POAG, we found negative associations between Zn and the number of quadrants with retinal nerve fiber layer thinning on optical coherence tomography, Fe and age, and Cu and the cup-to-disc ratio. Trace metals showed high efficiency in discriminating primary glaucoma from controls. Conclusions: Zn, Fe, and Cu concentrations in patients with primary glaucoma increased and were associated with clinical factors, acting as potential biomarkers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15070962","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T11:19:27Z","timestamp":1751887167000},"page":"962","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Levels of Zinc, Iron, and Copper in the Aqueous Humor of Patients with Primary Glaucoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4327-4602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yangjiani","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou 510060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou 510060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhidong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou 510060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingting","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou 510060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuxin","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou 510060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongtao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instrumental Analysis and Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingfei","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou 510060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0689-9398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jicheng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou 510060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou 510060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caibin","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou 510060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simei","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou 510060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yehong","family":"Zhuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou 510060, 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