{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:30:11Z","timestamp":1760059811201,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82401632","QKH-ZK [2025]ZD058","QKHJC-ZK [2023]-331","QKHJC-ZK [2023]-302","KY [2022]228","[2021]020","040203","gzwkj2022\u2013511","gzwkj2022\u2013257","21NSFCP25","22NSFCP09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82401632","QKH-ZK [2025]ZD058","QKHJC-ZK [2023]-331","QKHJC-ZK [2023]-302","KY [2022]228","[2021]020","040203","gzwkj2022\u2013511","gzwkj2022\u2013257","21NSFCP25","22NSFCP09"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation Project of Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Department","award":["82401632","QKH-ZK [2025]ZD058","QKHJC-ZK [2023]-331","QKHJC-ZK [2023]-302","KY [2022]228","[2021]020","040203","gzwkj2022\u2013511","gzwkj2022\u2013257","21NSFCP25","22NSFCP09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82401632","QKH-ZK [2025]ZD058","QKHJC-ZK [2023]-331","QKHJC-ZK [2023]-302","KY [2022]228","[2021]020","040203","gzwkj2022\u2013511","gzwkj2022\u2013257","21NSFCP25","22NSFCP09"]}]},{"name":"Guizhou Province Science and Technology Fund","award":["82401632","QKH-ZK [2025]ZD058","QKHJC-ZK [2023]-331","QKHJC-ZK [2023]-302","KY [2022]228","[2021]020","040203","gzwkj2022\u2013511","gzwkj2022\u2013257","21NSFCP25","22NSFCP09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82401632","QKH-ZK [2025]ZD058","QKHJC-ZK [2023]-331","QKHJC-ZK [2023]-302","KY [2022]228","[2021]020","040203","gzwkj2022\u2013511","gzwkj2022\u2013257","21NSFCP25","22NSFCP09"]}]},{"name":"Young Scientific Talents Growth Project of Guizhou Provincial Education Department","award":["82401632","QKH-ZK [2025]ZD058","QKHJC-ZK [2023]-331","QKHJC-ZK [2023]-302","KY [2022]228","[2021]020","040203","gzwkj2022\u2013511","gzwkj2022\u2013257","21NSFCP25","22NSFCP09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82401632","QKH-ZK [2025]ZD058","QKHJC-ZK [2023]-331","QKHJC-ZK [2023]-302","KY [2022]228","[2021]020","040203","gzwkj2022\u2013511","gzwkj2022\u2013257","21NSFCP25","22NSFCP09"]}]},{"name":"Doctoral Foundation of Guizhou Medical University","award":["82401632","QKH-ZK [2025]ZD058","QKHJC-ZK [2023]-331","QKHJC-ZK [2023]-302","KY [2022]228","[2021]020","040203","gzwkj2022\u2013511","gzwkj2022\u2013257","21NSFCP25","22NSFCP09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82401632","QKH-ZK [2025]ZD058","QKHJC-ZK [2023]-331","QKHJC-ZK [2023]-302","KY [2022]228","[2021]020","040203","gzwkj2022\u2013511","gzwkj2022\u2013257","21NSFCP25","22NSFCP09"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Fund Project of Guizhou Health Commission","award":["82401632","QKH-ZK [2025]ZD058","QKHJC-ZK [2023]-331","QKHJC-ZK [2023]-302","KY [2022]228","[2021]020","040203","gzwkj2022\u2013511","gzwkj2022\u2013257","21NSFCP25","22NSFCP09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82401632","QKH-ZK [2025]ZD058","QKHJC-ZK [2023]-331","QKHJC-ZK [2023]-302","KY [2022]228","[2021]020","040203","gzwkj2022\u2013511","gzwkj2022\u2013257","21NSFCP25","22NSFCP09"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation Cultivation Project of Guizhou Medical University","award":["82401632","QKH-ZK [2025]ZD058","QKHJC-ZK [2023]-331","QKHJC-ZK [2023]-302","KY [2022]228","[2021]020","040203","gzwkj2022\u2013511","gzwkj2022\u2013257","21NSFCP25","22NSFCP09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82401632","QKH-ZK [2025]ZD058","QKHJC-ZK [2023]-331","QKHJC-ZK [2023]-302","KY [2022]228","[2021]020","040203","gzwkj2022\u2013511","gzwkj2022\u2013257","21NSFCP25","22NSFCP09"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Valproic acid (VPA) is a widely prescribed antiepileptic agent whose teratogenic potential has been recognized. In recent years, VPA has been shown to promote neuronal regeneration; however, the exact molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. This study elucidates the pH-dependent pathway through which VPA promotes the differentiation of satellite glial cells (SGCs) into neurons. We observed sustained intracellular pH elevation during the VPA-induced neural differentiation of SGCs, and the modulation of intracellular pH was shown to influence this differentiation process. Then, we found that VPA regulates intracellular pH through NHE1 (sodium\u2013hydrogen exchanger 1), and that the pharmacological inhibition of NHE1 not only attenuated intracellular pH elevation but also substantially impaired VPA-induced neuronal differentiation. Finally, our results showed that the elevated intracellular pH promoted the neuronal differentiation of SGCs by activating \u03b2-catenin signaling. These findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms of VPA-induced neurogenesis, advancing our understanding of its pharmacological profile and informing its potential therapeutic application in neuronal regeneration strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15070986","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T15:19:31Z","timestamp":1752247171000},"page":"986","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Valproic Acid Promotes the Differentiation of Satellite Glial Cells into Neurons via the pH-Dependent Pathway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Dongyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenrun","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinhui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianwei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China"},{"name":"Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Research, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangdan","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenfeng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550001, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Human Brain Bank for Functions and Diseases, Department of Education of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7694-0240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junhou","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China"},{"name":"Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Research, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Go, H.S., Seo, J.E., Kim, K.C., Han, S.M., Kim, P., Kang, Y.S., Han, S.H., Shin, C.Y., and Ko, K.H. (2011). Valproic acid inhibits neural progenitor cell death by activation of NF-kappaB signaling pathway and up-regulation of Bcl-XL. J. Biomed. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/1423-0127-18-48"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5258","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.108593","article-title":"Mechanism of valproic acid-induced hepatic steatosis via enhancing NRF2-FATP2-mediated fatty acid uptake","volume":"15","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2008.09.019","article-title":"Valproic acid promotes neuronal differentiation by induction of proneural factors in association with H4 acetylation","volume":"56","author":"Yu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2016.06.007","article-title":"PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR-mediated autophagy in the development of autism spectrum disorder","volume":"125","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2015.120","article-title":"Direct conversion of astrocytes into neuronal cells by drug cocktail","volume":"25","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2015.07.006","article-title":"Direct Conversion of Normal and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Human Fibroblasts into Neuronal Cells by Small Molecules","volume":"17","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-020-10102-w","article-title":"Satellite Glial Cells Give Rise to Nociceptive Sensory Neurons","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201744816","article-title":"Cell fate decisions: Emerging roles for metabolic signals and cell morphology","volume":"18","author":"Tatapudy","year":"2017","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., White, K.A., and Barber, D.L. (2020). Intracellular pH Regulates Cancer and Stem Cell Behaviors: A Protein Dynamics Perspective. Front. Oncol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.01401"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201606042","article-title":"Increased intracellular pH is necessary for adult epithelial and embryonic stem cell differentiation","volume":"215","author":"Ulmschneider","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2012.10.025","article-title":"Histone acetylation regulates intracellular pH","volume":"49","author":"McBrian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1093\/stmcls\/sxad024","article-title":"Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Promotes Mesenchymal Stem Cell Migration by Regulating Glycolysis-Dependent beta-Catenin Signaling","volume":"41","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24240","article-title":"Potassium channel K(ir) 4.1 regulates oligodendrocyte differentiation via intracellular pH regulation","volume":"70","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2428-0","article-title":"Intracellular pH controls WNT downstream of glycolysis in amniote embryos","volume":"584","author":"Oginuma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800223-0.00002-5","article-title":"Structural dynamics and regulation of the mammalian SLC9A family of Na(+)\/H(+) exchangers","volume":"73","author":"Kragelund","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Membr."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"578","article-title":"Wnt signaling pathway participates in valproic acid-induced neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.021","article-title":"Differentiation of PC12 cell line into neuron by Valproic acid encapsulated in the stabilized core-shell liposome-chitosan Nano carriers","volume":"210","author":"Kelkawi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16659","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0407643101","article-title":"Histone deacetylase inhibition-mediated neuronal differentiation of multipotent adult neural progenitor cells","volume":"101","author":"Hsieh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2024.111140","article-title":"Valproic acid ameliorates morpho-dysfunctional effects triggered by Ischiatic nerve crush injury-induced by compression model in mice: Nerve regeneration and immune-modulatory pathway","volume":"220","author":"Souza","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2022.04.008","article-title":"Transcriptome meta-analysis of valproic acid exposure in human embryonic stem cells","volume":"60","author":"Kowalski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandvik, D., Vianca, E., Anderson, A., Javaid, M.S., O\u2019Brien, T.J., and Antonic-Baker, A. (2025). In vitro models of valproic acid to assess neurodevelopmental toxicity: A scoping review. Epilepsia, Epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.18392"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2017.04.006","article-title":"PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR Signaling Mediates Valproic Acid-Induced Neuronal Differentiation of Neural Stem Cells through Epigenetic Modifications","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, A., Wang, M., Xu, C., Zhao, Y., Xian, P., Li, Y., Zheng, W., Yi, X., Wu, S., and Wang, Y. (2023). Glycolysis mediates neuron specific histone acetylation in valproic acid-induced human excitatory neuron differentiation. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2023.1151162"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-12-4031","article-title":"Regulation of the Na+\/H+ Exchanger (NHE1) in Breast Cancer Metastasis","volume":"73","author":"Amith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-024-01773-w","article-title":"Acidic preconditioning induced intracellular acid adaptation to protect renal injury via dynamic phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase-dependent activation of sodium hydrogen exchanger 1","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2024.116170","article-title":"pH regulators and their inhibitors in tumor microenvironment","volume":"267","author":"Liao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26545","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.42.26545","article-title":"The Na+\/H+ antiporter potentiates growth and retinoic acid-induced differentiation of P19 embryonal carcinoma cells","volume":"272","author":"Wang","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G70","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00236.2015","article-title":"Cellular chloride and bicarbonate retention alters intracellular pH regulation in Cftr KO crypt epithelium","volume":"310","author":"Walker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2017.11.013","article-title":"Cftr Modulates Wnt\/beta-Catenin Signaling and Stem Cell Proliferation in Murine Intestine","volume":"5","author":"Strubberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amiri, M., Seidler, U.E., and Nikolovska, K. (2021). The Role of pH(i) in Intestinal Epithelial Proliferation-Transport Mechanisms, Regulatory Pathways, and Consequences. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.618135"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1836","article-title":"Electrochemical cues regulate assembly of the Frizzled\/Dishevelled complex at the plasma membrane during planar epithelial polarization","volume":"11","author":"Simons","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200209039","article-title":"Lineage-specific requirements of beta-catenin in neural crest development","volume":"159","author":"Hari","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1091611","article-title":"Instructive role of Wnt\/beta-catenin in sensory fate specification in neural crest stem cells","volume":"303","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doyen, D., Po\u00ebt, M., Jarretou, G., Pisani, D.F., Tauc, M., Cougnon, M., Argentina, M., Bouret, Y., and Counillon, L. (2022). Intracellular pH Control by Membrane Transport in Mammalian Cells. Insights Into the Selective Advantages of Functional Redundancy. Front. Mol. Biosci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2022.825028"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)91305-T","article-title":"Paradoxical effect of bicarbonate on cytoplasmic pH","volume":"335","author":"Ritter","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0930593","article-title":"Bicarbonate therapy and intracellular acidosis","volume":"93","author":"Goldsmith","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2997","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05261-x","article-title":"Systems analysis of intracellular pH vulnerabilities for cancer therapy","volume":"9","author":"Persi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-11-282","article-title":"Cariporide and other new and powerful NHE1 inhibitors as potentially selective anticancer drugs\u2014An integral molecular\/biochemical\/metabolic\/clinical approach after one hundred years of cancer research","volume":"11","author":"Harguindey","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bogdanov, A., Bogdanov, A., Chubenko, V., Volkov, N., Moiseenko, F., and Moiseyenko, V. (2022). Tumor acidity: From hallmark of cancer to target of treatment. Front. Oncol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.979154"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3311","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws257","article-title":"Acid extrusion via blood-brain barrier causes brain alkalosis and seizures after neonatal asphyxia","volume":"135","author":"Helmy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadj9173","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adj9173","article-title":"Harmonized cross-species cell atlases of trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia","volume":"10","author":"Bhuiyan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002628","article-title":"Profiling the molecular signature of satellite glial cells at the single cell level reveals high similarities between rodents and humans","volume":"163","author":"Avraham","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2524","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-012-0837-7","article-title":"Chronic treatment with anti-bipolar drugs causes intracellular alkalinization in astrocytes, altering their functions","volume":"37","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/15\/7\/986\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:08:15Z","timestamp":1760033295000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/15\/7\/986"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["biom15070986"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom15070986","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2218-273X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]}}}