{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:18:14Z","timestamp":1791908294410,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University Malaysia Sabah, 14 Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu, 88450, Sabah, Malaysia","award":["LPK2203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LPK2203"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Instead of being waste product of metabolism, lactate, has become a key metabolic and signaling molecule in both exercise physiology and tumor biology. Carcinogenic cells produce huge amounts of lactate through the Warburg effect, which is a hallmark of aggressive tumors, increasing acidity in the environment that can stimulates angiogenesis, immune evasion, and metastasis. Conversely, while exercise acutely elevates blood lactate concentration but it consider helpful for cancer patients. This paradox raises the following question: is exercise-induced lactate a friend or foe in cancer? This study reviews current evidence on the mechanistic, metabolic, immunological, and clinical impacts of exercise-induced lactate in cancer patients, highlighting the context-dependent effects that render lactate either beneficial or detrimental. Tumor-derived lactate seems to be pro-tumorigenic, driving immune suppression and disease progression, whereas short bursts of lactate from exercise can enhance anti-tumor immunity and metabolic reprogramming under the right conditions. Therefore, lactate\u2019s impact on cancer is \u201call about the context\u201d.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15071010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T08:04:41Z","timestamp":1752566681000},"page":"1010","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Context Matters: Divergent Roles of Exercise-Induced and Tumor-Derived Lactate in Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3331-8272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir hossein","family":"Ahmadi Hekmatikar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 10600, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghazal","family":"Zolfaghari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Medical Sciences and Technologies, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 35131-19111, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9274-479X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aref","family":"Basereh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran 10600, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9605-9522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D. Maryama","family":"Awang Daud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Through Exercise and Active Living (HEAL) Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88450, Sabah, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1598-8640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kayvan","family":"Khoramipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i+HeALTH Strategic Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, Miguel de Cervantes European University (UEMC), 47012 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2019.01.60","article-title":"Lactate as a key metabolic intermediate in cancer","volume":"7","author":"Gladden","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. 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