{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:30:30Z","timestamp":1760059830462,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The S100B protein, known for its role in the central and enteric nervous systems, has recently been identified in dietary sources such as milk, dairy products, fruits, and vegetables. Given its potential interaction with the gut microbiota, this study explores the relationship between dietary intake of S100B and microbiota biodiversity across different diets. A comprehensive study was conducted, estimating S100B concentrations in 13 dietary patterns recommended in different countries. This is the first study to provide a comparative estimation of S100B exposure from the diet and to explore its potential ecological and epidemiological relevance. The association between S100B levels and microbiota biodiversity was statistically analyzed, showing a direct correlation. Microbial diversity was assessed using the Shannon index, based on data extracted from studies reporting microbiota composition across dietary patterns. Additionally, the relative risk of Crohn\u2019s disease was assessed in different populations to examine potential links between dietary patterns, S100B, and chronic disease prevention. A moderate positive correlation (R2 = 0.537) was found between S100B concentration and Shannon index, suggesting that diets higher in S100B (e.g., Mediterranean diet) were associated with higher microbial alpha-diversity. Furthermore, Western-style diets, with the lowest S100B levels, exhibited a higher relative risk for Crohn\u2019s disease (R2 = 0.780). These findings highlight the potential role of dietary S100B content in modulating gut microbiota diversity and reducing chronic disease risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15071047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T12:09:53Z","timestamp":1752840593000},"page":"1047","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Estimated Intake of S100B Relates to Microbiota Biodiversity in Different Diets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9947-8796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tehreema","family":"Ghaffar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biotechnologies, University of Rome \u201cForo Italico\u201d, 00135 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7826-480X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica","family":"Volpini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biotechnologies, University of Rome \u201cForo Italico\u201d, 00135 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Platania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genes Research Start Up, 00187 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Vassioukovitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genes Research Start Up, 00187 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0971-3509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Valle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biotechnologies, University of Rome \u201cForo Italico\u201d, 00135 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9478-6299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Valeriani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biotechnologies, University of Rome \u201cForo Italico\u201d, 00135 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2546-0532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Michetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genes Research Start Up, 00187 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2900-6399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Romano Spica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biotechnologies, University of Rome \u201cForo Italico\u201d, 00135 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michetti, F., and Romano Spica, V. (2025). The \u201cJekyll Side\u201d of the S100B Protein: Its Trophic Action in the Diet. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17050881"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1038\/297409a0","article-title":"Evidence for the presence of S-100 protein in the glial component of the human enteric nervous system","volume":"297","author":"Ferri","year":"1982","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20060195","article-title":"Calcium-dependent and-independent interactions of the S100 protein family","volume":"396","author":"Shaw","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michetti, F., Clementi, M.E., Di Liddo, R., Valeriani, F., Ria, F., Rende, M., Di Sante, G., and Romano Spica, V. (2023). The S100B Protein: A Multifaceted Pathogenic Factor More Than a Biomarker. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119605"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romano Spica, V., Volpini, V., Valeriani, F., Carotenuto, G., Arcieri, M., Platania, S., Castrignan\u00f2, T., Clementi, M.E., and Michetti, F. (2024). In Silico Predicting the Presence of the S100B Motif in Edible Plants and Detecting Its Immunoreactive Materials: Perspectives for Functional Foods, Dietary Supplements and Phytotherapies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25189813"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romano Spica, V., Valeriani, F., Orsini, M., Clementi, M.E., Seguella, L., Gianfranceschi, G., Di Liddo, R., Di Sante, G., Ubaldi, F., and Ria, F. (2023). S100B affects gut microbiota biodiversity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032248"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuv019","article-title":"Microbiota and the gut\u2013brain axis","volume":"73","author":"Bienenstock","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"370","article-title":"A comparison of two dietary instruments for evaluating the fat\u2013breast cancer relationship","volume":"39","author":"Freedman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Godala, M., Gaszy\u0144ska, E., Zatorski, H., and Ma\u0142ecka-Wojciesko, E. (2022). Dietary Interventions in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14204261"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barros, A.J., and Hirakata, V.N. (2003). Alternatives for logistic regression in cross-sectional studies: An empirical comparison of models that directly estimate the prevalence ratio. BMC Med. Res. Methodol., 3.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-3-21"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"601","article-title":"Impact of Healthy Lifestyle Factors on Life Expectancies in the US Population","volume":"178","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-015-0141-7","article-title":"Does a Mediterranean-Type Diet Reduce Cancer Risk?","volume":"5","author":"Schwingshackl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.113.189407","article-title":"Higher diet quality is associated with decreased risk of all-cause, cardiovascular disease, and cancer mortality among older adults","volume":"144","author":"Reedy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.771881","article-title":"Dietary patterns and risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all causes in a prospective cohort of women","volume":"118","author":"Heidemann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-024-00822-y","article-title":"Dietary patterns and hepatocellular carcinoma risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort and case\u2013control studies","volume":"21","author":"Shu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.112.160499","article-title":"The Mediterranean diet score and mortality are inversely associated in adults living in the subarctic region","volume":"142","author":"Tognon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.205336","article-title":"The Dietary Patterns Methods Project: Synthesis of findings across cohorts and relevance to dietary guidance","volume":"145","author":"Liese","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"219","article-title":"Combined work and leisure physical activity and risk of stroke in men and women in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer-Norfolk prospective population study","volume":"32","author":"Myint","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Shin, D., Lee, K.W., and Song, W.O. (2023). Dietary patterns during pregnancy are associated with risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Nutrients, 15."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2014.434","article-title":"Spanish Mediterranean diet and other dietary patterns and breast cancer risk: Case\u2013control EpiGEICAM study","volume":"111","author":"Castello","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1089\/met.2010.0009","article-title":"Prevention of type 2 diabetes by dietary patterns: A systematic review of prospective studies and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Esposito","year":"2010","journal-title":"Metab. Syndr. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114513001128","article-title":"Red meat consumption is associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes in men but not in women: A Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study","volume":"110","author":"Kurotani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"590","article-title":"Diet quality and risk of hypertension: A prospective cohort study of men","volume":"28","author":"Kaluza","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hum. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, R., Wong, V.W.S., Chu, W.C.W., Wong, G.L.H., Li, L.S., Leung, J., and Woo, J. (2015). Diet-quality scores and prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A population study using proton-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139310"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"376","article-title":"Clustering of midlife lifestyle behaviors is associated with subsequent cognitive function: A longitudinal study","volume":"45","author":"Andreeva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-009-9338-7","article-title":"Association of a Diabetes Risk Score with Risk of Myocardial Infarction, Stroke, Specific Types of Cancer, and Mortality: A Prospective Study in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam Cohort","volume":"24","author":"Heidemann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512001705","article-title":"Vegetable and Fruit Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study","volume":"109","author":"Kurotani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.4.912","article-title":"Prospective study of major dietary patterns and risk of coronary heart disease in men","volume":"72","author":"Hu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2599","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa025039","article-title":"Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and survival in a Greek population","volume":"348","author":"Trichopoulou","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.161.15.1857","article-title":"Dietary patterns and the risk of coronary heart disease in women","volume":"161","author":"Fung","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.12.1433","article-title":"Mediterranean diet, lifestyle factors, and 10-year mortality in elderly European men and women: The HALE project","volume":"292","author":"Knoops","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.12.1440","article-title":"Effect of a Mediterranean-style diet on endothelial dysfunction and markers of vascular inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: A randomized trial","volume":"292","author":"Esposito","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.3.556","article-title":"The combination of high fruit and vegetable and low saturated fat intakes is more protective against mortality in aging men than is either alone: The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging","volume":"135","author":"Tucker","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/138.4.775","article-title":"Intake of vegetables, legumes, and fruit, and risk for all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality in a European diabetic population","volume":"138","author":"Schulze","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2009.38","article-title":"A systematic review of the evidence supporting a causal link between dietary factors and coronary heart disease","volume":"169","author":"Mente","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1800389","article-title":"Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet Supplemented with Extra-Virgin Olive Oil or Nuts","volume":"378","author":"Estruch","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114513001931","article-title":"The Mediterranean diet in relation to mortality and CVD: A Danish cohort study","volume":"111","author":"Tognon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"85","article-title":"Dietary habits in relation to blood pressure in elderly men and women: The MEDIS study","volume":"56","author":"Kokkinos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1181","article-title":"The epidemiology of Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Greek adults: The ATTICA study","volume":"25","author":"Panagiotakos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"119","article-title":"The role of traditional Mediterranean-type of diet and physical activity in the development of acute coronary syndromes in adult Greek men: The CARDIO2000 case\u2013control study","volume":"9","author":"Panagiotakos","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Risk"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"487","article-title":"Mediterranean diet and coronary heart disease: Is obesity a link?\u2014A systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Kastorini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"677","article-title":"The adoption of Mediterranean diet attenuates the development of acute coronary syndromes in people with the metabolic syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Panagiotakos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"293","article-title":"Dietary patterns and 5-year incidence of cardiovascular disease: A multivariate analysis of the ATTICA study","volume":"15","author":"Panagiotakos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2769","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32448-0","article-title":"Worldwide incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in the 21st century: A systematic review of population-based studies","volume":"390","author":"Ng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.2147\/CEG.S197255","article-title":"Five-year clinical outcomes of Crohn\u2019s disease: A report of 287 multiethnic cases from an International Hospital in Thailand","volume":"12","author":"Permpoon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-012-2371-5","article-title":"Recent trends in the prevalence of Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis in a commercially insured US population","volume":"58","author":"Kappelman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e383","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000002107","article-title":"Population-based incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel diseases in Milan (Northern Italy), and estimates for Italy","volume":"33","author":"Crocetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15512","article-title":"Fine-scale geographical distribution and ecological risk factors for Crohn\u2019s disease in France (2007\u20132014)","volume":"51","author":"Genin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200606000-00005","article-title":"Increase in incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in northern Denmark: A population-based study, 1978\u20132002","volume":"18","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2021.62.2.99","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease across Asia","volume":"62","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Yonsei Med. J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-2980.2010.00431.x","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence rates of Crohn\u2019s disease in mainland China: A meta-analysis of 55 years of research","volume":"11","author":"Zheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2014.29.5.558","article-title":"Crohn\u2019s disease in Korea: Past, present, and future","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Korean J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-012-0258-1","article-title":"Survey of inflammatory bowel diseases in India","volume":"31","author":"Makharia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03570-5","article-title":"Optimal Dietary Patterns for Healthy Aging","volume":"31","author":"Tessier","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2016.150","article-title":"Role of the gut microbiota in host appetite control: Bacterial growth to animal feeding behaviour","volume":"13","author":"Fetissov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-00360-x","article-title":"The four epidemiological stages in the global evolution of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"18","author":"Kaplan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11550","article-title":"Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota","volume":"489","author":"Lozupone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2016.10.002","article-title":"Feeding the Microbiota\u2013Gut\u2013Brain Axis: Diet, Microbiome, and Neuropsychiatry","volume":"179","author":"Sandhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2023.137221","article-title":"Mini-Review: Interaction between Intestinal Microbes and Enteric Glia in Health and Disease","volume":"806","author":"Seguella","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"2503","article-title":"Regulation of S100B in Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Insulin Resistance","volume":"156","author":"Buckman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.3390\/neuroglia5030018","article-title":"The Gut Microbiome\u2013Neuroglia Axis: Implications for Brain Health, Inflammation, and Disease","volume":"5","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuroglia"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1113\/JP273106","article-title":"Gut Instincts: Microbiota as a Key Regulator of Brain Development, Ageing and Neurodegeneration","volume":"595","author":"Dinan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2008.11.009","article-title":"S100B\u2019s Double Life: Intracellular Regulator and Extracellular Signal","volume":"1793","author":"Donato","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rojas, A., Lindner, C., Schneider, I., Gonzalez, I., and Uribarri, J. (2024). The RAGE Axis: A Relevant Inflammatory Hub in Human Diseases. Biomolecules, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14040412"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.2174\/1389203719666180514145437","article-title":"Dietary Protein and Gut Microbiota Composition and Function","volume":"20","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Protein Pept. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"542","article-title":"S100B milk concentration in mammalian species","volume":"1","author":"Galvano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. (Elite Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5032","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-10704","article-title":"Milk from Different Species: Relationship between Protein Fractions and Inflammatory Response in Infants Affected by Generalized Epilepsy","volume":"99","author":"Albenzio","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2005.11.010","article-title":"High Pressure-Induced Changes in Bovine Milk Proteins: A Review","volume":"1764","author":"Huppertz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/15\/7\/1047\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:12:09Z","timestamp":1760033529000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/15\/7\/1047"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["biom15071047"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom15071047","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2218-273X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]}}}