{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T01:11:57Z","timestamp":1774314717223,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018712","name":"\u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["35173\/17.12.2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["35173\/17.12.2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018712","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic benefits of a hybrid material based on gold nanoparticles and natural extracts on an experimental model of thioacetamide-induced (TAA) liver injury in rats. The nanomaterials were synthesized using a green method, with Cornus sanguinea L. extract as a reducing and capping agent (NPCS), and were then mixed with Vaccinium myrtillus L. (VL) extract in order to achieve a final mixture with enhanced properties (NPCS-VL). NPCSs were characterized using UV\u2013vis spectrophotometry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which demonstrated the formation of spherical, stable gold nanoparticles with an average diameter of 20 nm. NPCS-VL\u2019s hepatoprotective effects were evaluated through an analysis of oxidative stress, inflammation, hepatic cytolysis, histology assays, and TEM in comparison to silymarin on an animal model of thioacetamide (TAA)-induced toxic hepatitis. TAA administration determined hepatotoxicity, as it triggered redox imbalance, increased proinflammatory cytokine levels and alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) activity, and induced morphological and ultrastructural changes characteristic of liver fibrosis. In rats treated with NPCS-VL, all these pathological processes were attenuated, suggesting a potential antifibrotic effect of this hybrid bionanomaterial.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15081068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T10:28:09Z","timestamp":1753352889000},"page":"1068","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Impact of Hybrid Bionanomaterials Based on Gold Nanoparticles on Liver Injury in an Experimental Model of Thioacetamide-Induced Hepatopathy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mara","family":"Filip","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 1-3 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0046-0803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona Valeria","family":"Clichici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 1-3 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0684-5851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mara","family":"Muntean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3604-6513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lumini\u021ba","family":"David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Advanced Chemical Analysis, Instrumentation and Chemometrics, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babes-Bolyai University, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5507-6761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bianca","family":"Moldovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Advanced Chemical Analysis, Instrumentation and Chemometrics, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babes-Bolyai University, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1141-2559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vlad Alexandru","family":"Toma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, 5-7 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Institute of Biological Research Cluj, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, 48 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cezar","family":"Login","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 1-3 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2208-5132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u015eoimi\u021ba Mihaela","family":"Suciu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 1-3 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.09.014","article-title":"Burden of liver diseases in the world","volume":"70","author":"Asrani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.03.017","article-title":"Global burden of liver disease: 2023 update","volume":"79","author":"Devarbhavi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-023-00759-2","article-title":"Global epidemiology of cirrhosis-aetiology, trends and predictions","volume":"20","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Siervi, S., Cannito, S., and Turato, C. (2023). Chronic Liver Disease: Latest Research in Pathogenesis, Detection and Treatment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241310633"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI66369","article-title":"Hepatic stellate cells in liver development, regeneration, and cancer","volume":"123","author":"Yin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2017.0078","article-title":"Histopathological evaluation of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis regression","volume":"23","author":"Lo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Mol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsutsumi, V., Nakamura, V., Ueno, T., Torimura, T., and Aguirre-Garc\u00eda, J. (2017). Structure and Ultrastructure of the Normal and Diseased Liver. Liver Pathophysiology, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804274-8.00002-3"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00240-3","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"7","author":"Llovet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gong, J., Tu, W., Liu, J., and Tian, D. (2023). Hepatocytes: A key role in liver inflammation. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1083780"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2017.05.007","article-title":"Hepatic stellate cells as key target in liver fibrosis","volume":"121","author":"Higashi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.07.018","article-title":"Cell death and cell death responses in liver disease: Mechanisms and clinical relevance","volume":"147","author":"Luedde","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2012.108","article-title":"Alanine aminotransferase: A clinical and regulatory tool for detecting liver injury-past, present, and future","volume":"92","author":"Senior","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-00372-7","article-title":"Molecular and cellular mechanisms of liver fibrosis and its regression","volume":"18","author":"Kisseleva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.38","article-title":"Mechanisms of hepatic stellate cell activation","volume":"14","author":"Tsuchida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roehlen, N., Crouchet, E., and Baumert, T.F. (2020). Liver Fibrosis: Mechanistic Concepts and Therapeutic Perspectives. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9040875"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.13665","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 signalling and liver disease","volume":"283","author":"Fabregat","year":"2016","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v15.i2.180","article-title":"Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents in chronic liver diseases: Molecular mechanisms and therapy","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3097","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.4010","article-title":"Silymarin: Unveiling its pharmacological spectrum and therapeutic potential in liver diseases-A comprehensive narrative review","volume":"12","author":"Jaffar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1111\/fcp.12746","article-title":"Hepatoprotective and therapeutic effects of resveratrol: A focus on anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities","volume":"36","author":"Chupradit","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"364","article-title":"Therapeutic targeting of liver inflammation and fibrosis by nanomedicine","volume":"3","author":"Bartneck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Surg. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2018.12.003","article-title":"Effects of inorganic nanoparticles on liver fibrosis: Optimizing a double-edged sword for therapeutics","volume":"160","author":"Tee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1177\/0023677215573040","article-title":"Standard operating procedures in experimental liver research: Thioacetamide model in mice and rats","volume":"49","author":"Wallace","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lab. Anim."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2018.1546185","article-title":"Gold nanoparticles and hepatitis B virus","volume":"47","author":"Negahdari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filip, M., Baldea, I., David, L., Moldovan, B., Flontas, G.C., Macavei, S., Muntean, D.M., Decea, N., Tigu, A.B., and Clichici, S.V. (2023). Hybrid Material Based on Vaccinium myrtillus L. Extract and Gold Nanoparticles Reduces Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Hepatic Stellate Cells Exposed to TGF-\u03b2. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13081271"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2023.104093","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms in thioacetamide-induced acute and chronic liver injury models","volume":"99","author":"Ezhilarasan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1142\/S1088424617500304","article-title":"In vivo silymarin\u2019s antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects on photodynamic therapy\u2019s responsiveness","volume":"21","author":"Dionisie","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Porphyr. Phthalocyanines"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.111117","article-title":"Hepatoprotective effects of silymarin coated gold nanoparticles in experimental cholestasis","volume":"115","author":"Clichici","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1080\/13880200701575254","article-title":"Silymarin: An effective hepatoprotective agent against diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatotoxicity in rats","volume":"45","author":"Pradeep","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"789","article-title":"Protective effects of silymarin on triptolide-induced acute hepatotoxicity in rats","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(09)63008-1","article-title":"Quantitation of protein","volume":"463","author":"Noble","year":"2009","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.08.078","article-title":"Photoprotective effects of Romanian propolis on skin of mice exposed to UVB irradiation","volume":"62","author":"Bolfa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(71)90370-8","article-title":"Superoxide dismutase: Improved assays and an assay applicable to acrylamide gels","volume":"44","author":"Beauchamp","year":"1971","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(84)05015-1","article-title":"Assays of glutathione peroxidase","volume":"105","year":"1984","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(94)33044-1","article-title":"Measurement of protein thiol groups and glutathione in plasma","volume":"233","author":"Hu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/24.1.58","article-title":"Optimization of methods for aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase","volume":"24","author":"Bergmeyer","year":"1978","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alegria, E.C., Ribeiro, A.P., Mendez, M., Ferraria, A.M., Rego, A.M.B.D., and Pombeiro, A.J. (2018). Effect of phenolic compounds on the synthesis of gold nanoparticles and its catalytic activity in the reduction of nitro compounds. Nanomaterials, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano8050320"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67435","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA10376B","article-title":"Comparative evaluation by scanning confocal Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy of therapeutic effect of noble metal nanoparticles in experimental acute inflammation","volume":"5","author":"Filip","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1080\/13813455.2019.1684952","article-title":"Anti-fibrotic activity of natural products, herbal extracts and nutritional components for prevention of liver fibrosis: Review","volume":"128","author":"Temraz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.155142","article-title":"Drug-induced liver injury and anti-hepatotoxic effect of herbal compounds: A metabolic mechanism perspective","volume":"122","author":"Rani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hashim, M., Mujahid, H., Hassan, S., Bukhari, S., Anjum, I., Hano, C., Abbasi, B.H., and Anjum, S. (2022). Implication of Nanoparticles to Combat Chronic Liver and Kidney Diseases: Progress and Perspectives. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12101337"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8838","DOI":"10.1039\/D3FO02987E","article-title":"Iridoid- and flavonoid-enriched fractions of Cornus sanguinea and Cornus mas exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and inhibit key enzymes in the treatment of metabolic disorders","volume":"14","author":"Tenuta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Truba, J., Stanis\u0142awska, I., Walasek, M., Wieczorkowska, W., Woli\u0144ski, K., Buchholz, T., Melzig, M.F., and Czerwi\u0144ska, M.E. (2020). Inhibition of Digestive Enzymes and Antioxidant Activity of Extracts from Fruits of Cornus alba, Cornus sanguinea subsp. hungarica and Cornus florida\u2014A Comparative Study. Plants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9010122"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.15386\/mpr-2775","article-title":"Hepatic changes following a high-fat diet: Effects of Cornus mas and gold nanoparticles phytoreduced with Cornus mas on oxidative stress, inflammation, and histological damage","volume":"97","author":"Zugravu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Pharm. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.12.006","article-title":"Effects of standardized bilberry fruit extract (Mirtoselect\u00ae) on resolution of CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in mice","volume":"49","author":"Jakovac","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1080\/09168451.2019.1634514","article-title":"Extracts of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) fruits improve liver steatosis and injury in mice by preventing lipid accumulation and cell death","volume":"83","author":"Haga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2018.09.002","article-title":"Liver fibrosis: Pathophysiology, pathogenetic targets and clinical issues","volume":"65","author":"Parola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bao, Y.L., Wang, L., Pan, H.T., Zhang, T.R., Chen, Y.H., Xu, S.J., Mao, X.L., and Li, S.W. (2021). Animal and Organoid Models of Liver Fibrosis. Front. Physiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.666138"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hinz, B., and Lagares, D. (2021). Myofibroblasts: Methods and Protocols, Humana Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1382-5"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1382-5_23","article-title":"Mouse Models of Liver Fibrosis","volume":"2299","author":"Ravichandra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2018.06.008","article-title":"Spherical neutral gold nanoparticles improve anti-inflammatory response, oxidative stress and fibrosis in alcohol-methamphetamine-induced liver injury in rats","volume":"548","author":"Garcia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000190","DOI":"10.4172\/2161-1025.1000190","article-title":"Hepatoprotective efficacy of gold nanoparticle synthesized by green method using Trigonella foenum-graecum seed extract","volume":"6","author":"Ghosh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u00f3nav\u00e1ri, A., Igaz, N., Adamecz, D.I., Szerencs\u00e9s, B., Molnar, C., K\u00f3nya, Z., Pfeiffer, I., and Kiricsi, M. (2021). Green Silver and Gold Nanoparticles: Biological Synthesis Approaches and Potentials for Biomedical Applications. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26040844"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danaei, M.R.M.M., Dehghankhold, M., Ataei, S., Hasanzadeh Davarani, F., Javanmard, R., Dokhani, A., Khorasani, S., and Mozafari, M.R. (2018). Impact of particle size and polydispersity index on the clinical applications of lipidic nanocarrier systems. Pharmaceutics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics10020057"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajg.2018.03.002","article-title":"Oxidative stress is bane in chronic liver diseases: Clinical and experimental perspective","volume":"19","author":"Ezhilarasan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arab J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/112_2018_10","article-title":"Targeting Oxidative Stress for the Treatment of Liver Fibrosis","volume":"175","author":"Luangmonkong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.06.016","article-title":"Inflammasomes in chronic liver disease: Hepatic injury, fibrosis progression and systemic inflammation","volume":"81","author":"Taru","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-023-00807-x","article-title":"Hepatic inflammatory responses in liver fibrosis","volume":"20","author":"Hammerich","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wadhwa, K., Pahwa, R., Kumar, M., Kumar, S., Sharma, P.C., Singh, G., Verma, R., Mittal, V., Singh, I., and Kaushik, D. (2022). Mechanistic Insights into the Pharmacological Significance of Silymarin. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27165327"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"709","article-title":"Mildly Elevated Liver Transaminase Levels: Causes and Evaluation","volume":"96","author":"Oh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5236149","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5236149","article-title":"Blueberry Attenuates Liver Fibrosis, Protects Intestinal Epithelial Barrier, and Maintains Gut Microbiota Homeostasis","volume":"2019","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2016.11.033","article-title":"Colloids The effect of Sambucus nigra L. extract and phytosinthesized gold nanoparticles on diabetic rats","volume":"150","author":"Opris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adlia, A., Tomagola, I., Damayanti, S., Mulya, A., and Rachmawati, H. (2018). Antifibrotic Activity and In Ovo Toxicity Study of Liver-Targeted Curcumin-Gold Nanoparticle. Sci. Pharm., 86.","DOI":"10.3390\/scipharm86040041"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2007.07.006","article-title":"Grading and staging systems for inflammation and fibrosis in chronic liver diseases","volume":"47","author":"Goodman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111501","article-title":"Exploring the liver fibrosis induced by deltamethrin exposure in quails and elucidating the protective mechanism of resveratrol","volume":"207","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15624","article-title":"Hepatocellular organellar abnormalities following elimination of hepatitis C virus","volume":"43","author":"Aoyagi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-020-01251-y","article-title":"Silymarin as Supportive Treatment in Liver Diseases: A Narrative Review","volume":"37","author":"Gillessen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/15\/8\/1068\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:15:11Z","timestamp":1760033711000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/15\/8\/1068"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["biom15081068"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom15081068","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]}}}