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A PLLA-oriented multi-stage microporous bone repair scaffold (hereafter referred to as the oriented multi-stage microporous scaffold) was designed using a novel extrusion foaming technology that integrates fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) microcellular foaming technology. The influence of the 3D-printed structure on the microcellular morphology of the oriented multi-stage microporous scaffold was investigated and optimized. The combination of FDM and SC-CO2 foaming technology enables a continuous extrusion foaming process for preparing oriented multi-stage microporous scaffolds. The mechanical strength of the scaffold reached 15.27 MPa, meeting the requirements for bone repair in a low-load environment. Notably, the formation of open pores on the surface of the oriented multi-stage microporous scaffold positively affected cell proliferation, differentiation, and activity, as well as the expression of anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory factors. In vitro cell experiments (such as CCK-8) showed that the cell proliferation rate in the oriented multi-stage microporous scaffold reached 100\u2013300% after many days of cultivation. This work provides a strategy for the design and manufacture of PLLA scaffolds with hierarchical microcellular structures and biocompatibility for bone repair.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15081075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T08:13:31Z","timestamp":1753431211000},"page":"1075","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["3D-Printed Poly (l-lactic acid) Scaffolds for Bone Repair with Oriented Hierarchical Microcellular Foam Structure and Biocompatibility"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4298-9996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cenyi","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Material Science and Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Material Science and Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingyi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Material Science and Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxiang","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Material Science and Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhixin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Material Science and Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0216-2574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiafeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CCTEG Coal Mining Research Institute, Beijing 100013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Institute for Drug Control (Sichuan Testing Center of Medical Devices, Sichuan Musk Deer Research Institute), Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2801-3562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengqiu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Material Science and Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101134","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.202101134","article-title":"3D-Printed Polyurethane Tissue-Engineering Scaffold with Hierarchical Microcellular Foam Structure and Antibacterial Properties","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. 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