{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T18:41:12Z","timestamp":1788374472935,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFD1302103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD1302103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CARS-37"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-37"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25-LZIHPS-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25-LZIHPS-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA","award":["2022YFD1302103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD1302103"]}]},{"name":"China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA","award":["CARS-37"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-37"]}]},{"name":"China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA","award":["25-LZIHPS-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25-LZIHPS-01"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","award":["2022YFD1302103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD1302103"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","award":["CARS-37"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-37"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","award":["25-LZIHPS-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25-LZIHPS-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cattle\u2013yak, a hybrid of yak and cattle, exhibits significant heterosis but male infertility, hindering heterosis fixation. Although extensive research has been conducted on transcriptional mechanisms in the testes of cattle\u2013yak, the understanding of their translational landscape remains limited. In this study, we characterized the translational landscape of yak and cattle\u2013yak based on Ribo-seq technology integrated with RNA-seq data. The results revealed that gene expression was not fully concordant between transcriptional and translational levels, whereas cattle\u2013yak testes exhibited a stronger correlation across these two regulatory layers. Notably, genes that were differentially expressed at the translational level only (MEIOB, MEI1, and SMC1B) were mainly involved in meiosis. A total of 4,236 genes with different translation efficiencies (TEs) were identified, and the TEs of most of the genes gradually decreased as the mRNA expression level increased. Further research revealed that genes with higher TE had a shorter coding sequence (CDS) length, lower GC content, and higher normalized minimum free energy in the testes of yaks, but this characteristic was not found in cattle\u2013yaks. We also identified upstream open reading frames (uORFs) in yak and cattle\u2013yak testes, and the sequence characteristics of translated uORFs and untranslated uORFs were markedly different. In addition, we identified several short polypeptides that may play potential roles in spermatogenesis. In summary, our study uncovers distinct translational dysregulations in cattle\u2013yak testes, particularly affecting meiosis, which provides novel insights into the mechanisms of spermatogenesis and male infertility in hybrids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15081080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T16:06:17Z","timestamp":1753459577000},"page":"1080","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comparative Analysis of Testicular Transcriptional and Translational Landscapes in Yak and Cattle\u2013Yak: Implications for Hybrid Male Sterility"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mengli","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding in Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoke","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding in Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziqiang","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding in Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liyan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding in Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding in Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianyun","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding in Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7726-3077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding in Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2390-4777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xian","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding in Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioaa207","article-title":"Male hybrid sterility in the cattle-yak and other bovines: A review","volume":"104","author":"Niayale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. 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