{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T17:46:05Z","timestamp":1792604765899,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the High-Level Talent Research Launch Project of Shihezi University","award":["RCZK202456"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RCZK202456"]}]},{"name":"the High-Level Talent Research Launch Project of Shihezi University","award":["2024AB034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024AB034"]}]},{"name":"the Talent Program \u201cTianchi Talent (Young Docter)\u201d in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","award":["RCZK202456"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RCZK202456"]}]},{"name":"the Talent Program \u201cTianchi Talent (Young Docter)\u201d in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","award":["2024AB034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024AB034"]}]},{"name":"the Corps Key Research and Development Program","award":["RCZK202456"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RCZK202456"]}]},{"name":"the Corps Key Research and Development Program","award":["2024AB034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024AB034"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mycoplasma bovis is an important pathogen that is associated with respiratory diseases, mastitis, and arthritis in cattle, leading to significant economic losses in the global cattle industry. Most notably in this study, we pioneer the discovery that its secreted effector ENO1 (\u03b1-enolase) directly targets host cytoskeletal proteins for metabolic\u2013immune regulation. Using an innovative GST pull-down\/mass spectrometry approach, we made the seminal discovery of \u03b2-actin (ACTB) as the primary host target of ENO1\u2014the first reported bacterial effector\u2013cytoskeleton interaction mediating metabolic reprogramming. ENO1\u2013ACTB binding depends on a hydrogen bond network involving ACTB\u2019s 117Glu and 372Arg residues. This interaction triggers (1) glycolytic activation via Glut1 upregulation, establishing Warburg effect characteristics (lactic acid accumulation\/ATP inhibition), and (2) ROS-mediated activation of dual inflammatory axes (HIF-1\u03b1\/IL-1\u03b2 and IL-6\/TNF-\u03b1). This work establishes three groundbreaking concepts: (1) the first evidence of a pathogen effector hijacking host ACTB for metabolic manipulation, (2) a novel \u2018glycolysis\u2013ACTB\u2013ROS-inflammation\u2019 axis, and (3) the first demonstration of bacterial proteins coordinating a Warburg effect with cytokine storms. These findings provide new targets for anti-infection therapies against Mycoplasma bovis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15081107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T06:37:47Z","timestamp":1754030267000},"page":"1107","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["ENO1 from Mycoplasma bovis Disrupts Host Glycolysis and Inflammation by Binding ACTB"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Rui-Rui","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Jiao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-Yin","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Liang","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuang-Fu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhong-Chen","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(02)00155-8","article-title":"Mycoplasma bovis: Disease, diagnosis, and control","volume":"74","author":"Nicholas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Res. 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