{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T04:00:49Z","timestamp":1792036849492,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":250,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,16]],"date-time":"2025-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"INHA University Research Grant"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lactoferrin (Lf) is a multifunctional iron-binding glycoprotein of the transferrin family that plays a central role in host defense, particularly in protection against infection and tissue injury. Abundantly present in colostrum, secretory fluids, and neutrophil granules, Lf exerts broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. These effects are mediated by iron sequestration, disruption of microbial membranes, inhibition of microbial adhesion, and interference with host\u2013pathogen interactions. Beyond its antimicrobial functions, Lf regulates pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators and mitigates excessive inflammation. Additionally, Lf alleviates oxidative stress by scavenging reactive oxygen species and enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity. This review summarizes the current understanding of Lf\u2019s biological functions, with a particular focus on its roles in microbial infections, immune modulation, oxidative stress regulation, and inflammation. These insights underscore the therapeutic promise of Lf as a natural, multifunctional agent for managing infectious and inflammatory diseases and lay the groundwork for its clinical application in immune-related disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15081174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T07:53:12Z","timestamp":1755503592000},"page":"1174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["The Multifaceted Functions of Lactoferrin in Antimicrobial Defense and Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jung Won","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling Research, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"BK21 Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Seok","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling Research, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"BK21 Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu Jung","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling Research, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"BK21 Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaekyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling Research, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"BK21 Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2011.06.018","article-title":"Lactoferrin a multiple bioactive protein: An overview","volume":"1820","author":"Cendon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1139\/o01-212","article-title":"The physiology of lactoferrin","volume":"80","author":"Brock","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.071993","article-title":"Infant formula and infant nutrition: Bioactive proteins of human milk and implications for composition of infant formulas","volume":"99","author":"Lonnerdal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, S.F., Zhang, Y.H., Wang, S., Pang, Z.Q., Fan, Y.G., Li, J.Y., Wang, Z.Y., and Guo, C. (2019). Lactoferrin ameliorates dopaminergic neurodegeneration and motor deficits in MPTP-treated mice. Redox Biol., 21.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2018.101090"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1038\/344784a0","article-title":"Apolactoferrin structure demonstrates ligand-induced conformational change in transferrins","volume":"344","author":"Anderson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1139\/o2012-016","article-title":"Lactoferrin, a bird\u2019s eye view","volume":"90","author":"Vogel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karav, S., German, J.B., Rouquie, C., Le Parc, A., and Barile, D. (2017). Studying lactoferrin N-glycosylation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18040870"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.14715\/cmb\/2018.64.9.8","article-title":"Selective deglycosylation of lactoferrin to understand glycans\u2019 contribution to antimicrobial activity of lactoferrin","volume":"64","author":"Karav","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.170.2.415","article-title":"Multiple molecular forms of human lactoferrin. Identification of a class of lactoferrins that possess ribonuclease activity and lack iron-binding capacity","volume":"170","author":"Furmanski","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.05.139","article-title":"Physico-chemical properties of different forms of bovine lactoferrin","volume":"141","author":"Bokkhim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, X., Ren, Y., Lu, Q., Wang, K., Wu, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Cui, X.S., Yang, Z., and Chen, Z. (2022). Lactoferrin: A glycoprotein that plays an active role in human health. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1018336"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.141365","article-title":"Iron saturation and binding capacity of lactoferrin\u2014Development and validation of a colorimetric protocol for quality control","volume":"463","author":"Ostertag","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nu.15.070195.000521","article-title":"Lactoferrin: Molecular structure and biological function","volume":"15","author":"Lonnerdal","year":"1995","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1203\/01.pdr.0000250198.22735.20","article-title":"Effects of iron-unsaturated human lactoferrin on hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage in intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"61","author":"Shoji","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3200","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa226","article-title":"Iron absorption is greater from apo-lactoferrin and is similar between holo-lactoferrin and ferrous sulfate: Stable iron isotope studies in Kenyan infants","volume":"150","author":"Mikulic","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(84)81345-4","article-title":"Inhibition of mastitic bacteria by bovine milk apo-lactoferrin evaluated by in vitro microassay of bacterial growth","volume":"67","author":"Nonnecke","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.14.4.911-918.1976","article-title":"In vitro growth inhibition of mastitis-causing coliform bacteria by bovine apo-lactoferrin and reversal of inhibition by citrate and high concentrations of apo-lactoferin","volume":"14","author":"Bishop","year":"1976","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-020-00759-z","article-title":"Effect of apo-lactoferrin on leukotoxin and outer membrane vesicles of Mannheimia haemolytica A2","volume":"51","author":"Zenteno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5191","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-013-6943-9","article-title":"A high-throughput method for the quantification of iron saturation in lactoferrin preparations","volume":"405","author":"Majka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1993.1592","article-title":"Domain closure in lactoferrin: Two hinges produce a see-saw motion between alternative close-packed interfaces","volume":"234","author":"Gerstein","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1038\/417552a","article-title":"A component of innate immunity prevents bacterial biofilm development","volume":"417","author":"Singh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00203302","article-title":"Growth and adsorption of Streptococcus mutans 6715-13 to hydroxyapatite in the presence of lactoferrin","volume":"178","author":"Visca","year":"1989","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1139\/o01-153","article-title":"Lactoferrin and transferrin: Functional variations on a common structural framework","volume":"80","author":"Baker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.2001.4692","article-title":"Camel lactoferrin, a transferrin-cum-lactoferrin: Crystal structure of camel apolactoferrin at 2.6\u00c5 resolution and structural basis of its dual role","volume":"309","author":"Khan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2006.02417.x","article-title":"Lactoferrin decreases pollen antigen-induced allergic airway inflammation in a murine model of asthma","volume":"119","author":"Kruzel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2597","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(93)77594-3","article-title":"Forms of lactoferrin: Their antibacterial effect on enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli","volume":"76","author":"Dionysius","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00195948","article-title":"Influence of lactoferrin on the entry process of Escherichia coli HB101(pRI203) in HeLa cells","volume":"182","author":"Longhi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, Y., Ikeda, S.-i., Chen, J., Zhang, Y., Negishi, K., Tsubota, K., and Kurihara, T. (2023). Myopia is suppressed by digested lactoferrin or holo-lactoferrin administration. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065815"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23624","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54329-5","article-title":"Binding and endocytosis of apo- and holo-lactoferrin by isolated rat hepatocytes","volume":"266","author":"McAbee","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-010-9366-5","article-title":"Structural characteristic, pH and thermal stabilities of apo and holo forms of caprine and bovine lactoferrins","volume":"23","author":"Sreedhara","year":"2010","journal-title":"BioMetals"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(92)90402-6","article-title":"X-ray solution scattering reveals conformational changes upon iron uptake in lactoferrin, serum and ovo-transferrins","volume":"225","author":"Grossmann","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1107\/S0907444999003807","article-title":"Structure of mare apolactoferrin: The N and C lobes are in the closed form","volume":"55","author":"Sharma","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr. D Biol. Crystallogr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28445","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.40.28445","article-title":"Crystal structure of hen apo-ovotransferrin: Both lobes adopt an open conformation upon loss of iron*","volume":"274","author":"Kurokawa","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1023\/B:BIOM.0000027697.83706.32","article-title":"Protection against infections by oral lactoferrin: Evaluation in animal models","volume":"17","author":"Teraguchi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cutone, A., Rosa, L., Lepanto, M.S., Scotti, M.J., Berlutti, F., Bonaccorsi di Patti, M.C., Musci, G., and Valenti, P. (2017). Lactoferrin efficiently counteracts the inflammation-induced changes of the iron homeostasis system in macrophages. Front. Immunol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00705"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2024.110319","article-title":"Efficacy of a combination of nucleotides and lactoferrin in maintaining stable or improving the clinical picture and laboratory findings of leishmaniotic dogs: A randomized controlled study","volume":"332","author":"Cavalera","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2560","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-005-5371-1","article-title":"Mammalian lactoferrin receptors: Structure and function","volume":"62","author":"Suzuki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lepanto, M.S., Rosa, L., Paesano, R., Valenti, P., and Cutone, A. (2019). Lactoferrin in aseptic and septic inflammation. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24071323"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Actis Dato, V., and Chiabrando, G.A. (2018). The role of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 in lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis and inflammation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19061780"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(85)90235-9","article-title":"Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for lactoferrin. Plasma and tissue measurements","volume":"151","author":"Bezwoda","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins2010054","article-title":"Reciprocal interactions between lactoferrin and bacterial endotoxins and their role in the regulation of the immune response","volume":"2","author":"Latorre","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2013.02.001","article-title":"Lactoferrin: Antimicrobial activity and therapeutic potential","volume":"18","author":"Embleton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0609.1985.tb00757.x","article-title":"Lactoferrin in plasma measured by an ELISA technique: Evidence that plasma lactoferrin is an indicator of neutrophil turnover and bone marrow activity in acute leukaemia","volume":"34","author":"Birgens","year":"1985","journal-title":"Scand. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V70.4.989.989","article-title":"Isolation of lactoferrin cDNA from a human myeloid library and expression of mRNA during normal and leukemic myelopoiesis","volume":"70","author":"Rado","year":"1987","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rascon-Cruz, Q., Espinoza-Sanchez, E.A., Siqueiros-Cendon, T.S., Nakamura-Bencomo, S.I., Arevalo-Gallegos, S., and Iglesias-Figueroa, B.F. (2021). Lactoferrin: A glycoprotein involved in immunomodulation, anticancer, and antimicrobial processes. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26010205"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2774","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.56.11.2774-2781.1988","article-title":"Damage of the outer membrane of enteric gram-negative bacteria by lactoferrin and transferrin","volume":"56","author":"Ellison","year":"1988","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1076\/ceyr.19.1.12.5342","article-title":"Lactoferrin increases the susceptibility of S. epidermidis biofilms to lysozyme and vancomycin","volume":"19","author":"Leitch","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.3.1469-1476.2001","article-title":"Human lactoferrin and peptides derived from its N terminus are highly effective against infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria","volume":"69","author":"Nibbering","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"217","article-title":"Potassium efflux induced by a new lactoferrin-derived peptide mimicking the effect of native human lactoferrin on the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane","volume":"68","author":"Andres","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6141","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.11.6141-6147.2003","article-title":"One of two human lactoferrin variants exhibits increased antibacterial and transcriptional activation activities and is associated with localized juvenile periodontitis","volume":"71","author":"Velliyagounder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4838(92)90346-F","article-title":"Identification of the bactericidal domain of lactoferrin","volume":"1121","author":"Bellamy","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.35.3.792-799.1982","article-title":"Bactericidal activity of human lactoferrin: Differentiation from the stasis of iron deprivation","volume":"35","author":"Arnold","year":"1982","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ftx054","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftx054","article-title":"Lactobacilli-lactoferrin interplay in Chlamydia trachomatis infection","volume":"75","author":"Sessa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1139\/bcb-2016-0049","article-title":"Effect of bovine lactoferrin on Chlamydia trachomatis infection and inflammation","volume":"95","author":"Sessa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.4265\/bio.13.29","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of bovine lactoferrin and lactoferricin B on Enterobacter sakazakii","volume":"13","author":"Wakabayashi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biocontrol Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5149","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.9.5149-5155.2003","article-title":"Lactoferrin impairs type III secretory system function in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"71","author":"Ochoa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2000.tb08996.x","article-title":"Human milk fractions inhibit the adherence of diffusely adherent Escherichia coli (DAEC) and enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) to HeLa cells","volume":"184","author":"Giugliano","year":"2000","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12641","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.21.12641","article-title":"Human milk lactoferrin inactivates two putative colonization factors expressed by Haemophilus influenzae","volume":"95","author":"Qiu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1211\/0022357001777595","article-title":"Recombinant human lactoferrin is effective in the treatment of Helicobacter felis-infected mice","volume":"52","author":"Dial","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s004300050049","article-title":"Antirotaviral activity of milk proteins: Lactoferrin prevents rotavirus infection in the enterocyte-like cell line HT-29","volume":"186","author":"Superti","year":"1997","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-017-2987-7","article-title":"Synergistic activity of synthetic N-terminal peptide of human lactoferrin in combination with various antibiotics against carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains","volume":"36","author":"Morici","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12776","article-title":"Effects of lactoferrin and lactoperoxidase-containing food on the oral hygiene status of older individuals: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"17","author":"Morita","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1086\/423821","article-title":"Loss of microbicidal activity and increased formation of biofilm due to decreased lactoferrin activity in patients with cystic fibrosis","volume":"190","author":"Rogan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1039\/C5FO00817D","article-title":"The effect of recombinant human lactoferrin from the milk of transgenic cows on Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection in mice","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-018-0136-0","article-title":"Lfchimera protects HeLa cells from invasion by Yersinia spp. in vitro","volume":"31","author":"Sijbrandij","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.2174\/0929866527666200403111743","article-title":"Bovine lactoferrin can decrease the in vitro biofilm production and show synergy with antibiotics against Listeria and Escherichia coli isolates","volume":"28","year":"2021","journal-title":"Protein Pept. Lett."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iglesias-Figueroa, B., Valdiviezo-Godina, N., Siqueiros-Cendon, T., Sinagawa-Garcia, S., Arevalo-Gallegos, S., and Rascon-Cruz, Q. (2016). High-level expression of recombinant bovine lactoferrin in Pichia pastoris with antimicrobial Activity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17060902"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3280145","article-title":"N-terminal stretch Arg2, Arg3, Arg4 and Arg5 of human lactoferrin is essential for binding to heparin, bacterial lipopolysaccharide, human lysozyme and DNA","volume":"328","author":"Geerts","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2400379","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202400379","article-title":"Global bibliometric and visualized analysis of research on lactoferrin from 1978 to 2024","volume":"68","author":"Gu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2007028","article-title":"Effect of ovotransferrin and lactoferrins on Chlamydophila psittaci adhesion and invasion in HD11 chicken macrophages","volume":"38","author":"Beeckman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-50-5-430","article-title":"Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori infection by bovine milk glycoconjugates in a BAlb\/cA mouse model","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fulgione, A., Nocerino, N., Iannaccone, M., Roperto, S., Capuano, F., Roveri, N., Lelli, M., Crasto, A., Calogero, A., and Pilloni, A.P. (2016). Lactoferrin adsorbed onto biomimetic hydroxyapatite nanocrystals controlling\u2014In vivo\u2014The Helicobacter pylori infection. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158646"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky510","article-title":"Bovine lactoferrin enhances the efficacy of levofloxacin-based triple therapy as first-line treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection: An in vitro and in vivo study","volume":"74","author":"Ciccaglione","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cutone, A., Lepanto, M.S., Rosa, L., Scotti, M.J., Rossi, A., Ranucci, S., De Fino, I., Bragonzi, A., Valenti, P., and Musci, G. (2019). Aerosolized bovine lactoferrin counteracts infection, inflammation and iron dysbalance in a cystic fibrosis mouse model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa chronic lung infection. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20092128"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-010-9325-1","article-title":"Effect of bovine lactoferrin in Salmonella ser. Typhimurium infection in mice","volume":"23","author":"Mosquito","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2010.08.007","article-title":"Lactoferrin increases both resistance to Salmonella typhimurium infection and the production of antibodies in mice","volume":"134","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.22.197","article-title":"Lactoferrin inhibits Bacillus cereus growth, and heme analogs recover its growth","volume":"22","author":"Sato","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2023.100153","article-title":"Strain-specific antimicrobial activity of lactoferrin-based food supplements","volume":"86","author":"Jugert","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv452","article-title":"Potential of lactoferrin to prevent antibiotic-induced Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"71","author":"Chilton","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2014.02.029","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of recombinant lactoferrin during MRSA infection","volume":"20","author":"Hwang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.1999.00644.x","article-title":"Influence of lactoferrin feeding and injection against systemic staphylococcal infections in mice","volume":"86","author":"Bhimani","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3950","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.8.3950","article-title":"Enhanced Th1 response to Staphylococcus aureus infection in human lactoferrin-transgenic mice","volume":"168","author":"Guillen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2015.3634","article-title":"Lactoferrin increases antioxidant activities and ameliorates hepatic fibrosis in lupus-prone mice fed with a high-cholesterol diet","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1023\/B:BIOM.0000027704.53859.d3","article-title":"Both lactoferrin and iron influence aggregation and biofilm formation in Streptococcus mutans","volume":"17","author":"Berlutti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12401","article-title":"Human lactoferrin protects against Streptococcus mutans-induced caries in mice","volume":"22","author":"Velusamy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eker, F., Duman, H., Erturk, M., and Karav, S. (2024). The potential of lactoferrin as antiviral and immune-modulating agent in viral infectious diseases. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1402135"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheneau, C., Eichholz, K., Tran, T.H., Tran, T.T.P., Paris, O., Henriquet, C., Bajramovic, J.J., Pugniere, M., and Kremer, E.J. (2021). Lactoferrin retargets human adenoviruses to TLR4 to induce an abortive NLRP3-associated pyroptotic response in human phagocytes. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.685218"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2006.09.002","article-title":"Bovine lactoferrin inhibits echovirus endocytic pathway by interacting with viral structural polypeptides","volume":"73","author":"Ammendolia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2008.06.017","article-title":"Bovine lactoferrin inhibits Japanese encephalitis virus by binding to heparan sulfate and receptor for low density lipoprotein","volume":"379","author":"Chien","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2007.04858.x","article-title":"Effect of lactoferrin in patients with chronic Hepatitis C: Combination therapy with interferon and ribavirin","volume":"22","author":"Kaito","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2007.07.005","article-title":"Bovine lactoferrin prevents the entry and intercellular spread of Herpes simplex virus type 1 in green monkey kidney cells","volume":"76","author":"Ammendolia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-3542(01)00146-2","article-title":"Lactoferrin and cyclic lactoferricin inhibit the entry of human cytomegalovirus into human fibroblasts","volume":"51","author":"Andersen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2004.05.002","article-title":"Inhibition of cytomegalovirus infection by lactoferrin in vitro and in vivo","volume":"63","author":"Beljaars","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaplan, M., Baktiroglu, M., Kalkan, A.E., Canbolat, A.A., Lombardo, M., Raposo, A., de Brito Alves, J.L., Witkowska, A.M., and Karav, S. (2024). Lactoferrin: A promising therapeutic molecule against human papillomavirus. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16183073"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000849","article-title":"Bovine lactoferrin activity against Chikungunya and Zika viruses","volume":"98","author":"Carvalho","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2021.1888660","article-title":"The in vitro antiviral activity of lactoferrin against common human coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2 is mediated by targeting the heparan sulfate co-receptor","volume":"10","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duman, H., and Karav, S. (2023). Bovine colostrum and its potential contributions for treatment and prevention of COVID-19. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1214514"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-022-00458-6","article-title":"Molecular mimicry of the receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: From the interaction of spike-specific antibodies with transferrin and lactoferrin to the antiviral effects of human recombinant lactoferrin","volume":"36","author":"Sokolov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Fakharany, E.M., El-Gendi, H., El-Maradny, Y.A., Abu-Serie, M.M., Abdel-Wahhab, K.G., Shabana, M.E., and Ashry, M. (2023). Inhibitory effect of lactoferrin-coated zinc nanoparticles on SARS-CoV-2 replication and entry along with improvement of lung fibrosis induced in adult male albino rats. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 245.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.125552"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28281","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28281","article-title":"Bovine lactoferrin inhibits SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 by targeting the RdRp complex and alleviates viral infection in the hamster model","volume":"95","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alves, N.S., Azevedo, A.S., Dias, B.M., Horbach, I.S., Setatino, B.P., Denani, C.B., Schwarcz, W.D., Lima, S.M.B., Missailidis, S., and Ano Bom, A.P.D. (2023). Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Vero cells by bovine lactoferrin under different iron-saturation states. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16101352"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-3542(01)00197-8","article-title":"Antiadenovirus activity of milk proteins: Lactoferrin prevents viral infection","volume":"53","author":"Arnold","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00542-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00542-20","article-title":"Lactoferrin-hexon interactions mediate CAR-independent adenovirus infection of human respiratory cells","volume":"94","author":"Persson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01995-06","article-title":"Adenoviruses use lactoferrin as a bridge for CAR-independent binding to and infection of epithelial cells","volume":"81","author":"Johansson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y., Zhang, P., Han, S., and He, H. (2023). Lactoferrin alleviates inflammation and regulates gut microbiota composition in H5N1-infected mice. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15153362"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wrobel, M., Malaczewska, J., and Kaczorek-Lukowska, E. (2022). Antiviral effect of bovine lactoferrin against Enterovirus E. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27175569"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2005.03.005","article-title":"Lactoferrin inhibits Enterovirus 71 infection by binding to VP1 protein and host cells","volume":"67","author":"Weng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1086\/343809","article-title":"Lactoferrin inhibits Enterovirus 71 infection of human embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma cells in vitro","volume":"186","author":"Lin","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, Y., Xiang, K., Liu, J., Song, J., Feng, J., Chen, J., Dai, Y., Hu, Y., Zhuang, H., and Zhou, Y. (2022). Inhibition of in vitro infection of Hepatitis B virus by human breastmilk. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14081561"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23549","article-title":"Characterization of the anti-HBV activity of HLP1-23, a human lactoferrin-derived peptide","volume":"85","author":"Florian","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17302","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.17302","article-title":"Effect of iron saturation of bovine lactoferrin on the inhibition of Hepatitis B virus in vitro","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Redwan, E.M., El-Fakharany, E.M., Uversky, V.N., and Linjawi, M.H. (2014). Screening the anti-infectivity potentials of native N- and C-lobes derived from the camel lactoferrin against Hepatitis C virus. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-14-219"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crvi.2014.08.003","article-title":"Potential lactoferrin activity against pathogenic viruses","volume":"337","author":"Redwan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Biol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1702(99)00121-5","article-title":"Characterization of antiviral activity of lactoferrin against Hepatitis C virus infection in human cultured cells","volume":"66","author":"Ikeda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2014.08.012","article-title":"The intracellular inhibition of HCV replication represents a novel mechanism of action by the innate immune lactoferrin protein","volume":"111","author":"Bouchard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-10-199","article-title":"Effectiveness of human, camel, bovine and sheep lactoferrin on the Hepatitis C virus cellular infectivity: Comparison study","volume":"10","author":"Sanchez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.1999.tb00756.x","article-title":"Lactoferrin inhibits Hepatitis C virus viremia in patients with chronic Hepatitis C: A pilot study","volume":"90","author":"Tanaka","year":"1999","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2003.09.029","article-title":"Inhibition of herpes simplex virus infection by lactoferrin is dependent on interference with the virus binding to glycosaminoglycans","volume":"318","author":"Marchetti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/s10719-021-10029-5","article-title":"Role of sialylated glycans on bovine lactoferrin against Influenza virus","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glycoconj. J."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Superti, F., Agamennone, M., Pietrantoni, A., and Ammendolia, M.G. (2019). Bovine lactoferrin prevents Influenza A virus infection by interfering with the fusogenic function of viral hemagglutinin. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11010051"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-010-9323-3","article-title":"Bovine lactoferrin inhibits Influenza A virus induced programmed cell death in vitro","volume":"23","author":"Pietrantoni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773212Y.0000000004","article-title":"Bovine lactoferrin-derived peptides as novel broad-spectrum inhibitors of Influenza virus","volume":"106","author":"Ammendolia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pathog. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1139\/o11-072","article-title":"Bovine lactoferrin: Involvement of metal saturation and carbohydrates in the inhibition of Influenza virus infection","volume":"90","author":"Pietrantoni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2014.01.022","article-title":"Inhibition of mayaro virus infection by bovine lactoferrin","volume":"452\u2013453","author":"Carvalho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-021-04993-4","article-title":"Lactoferrin affects rhinovirus B-14 entry into H1-HeLa cells","volume":"166","author":"Denani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4165(01)00178-7","article-title":"Involvement of bovine lactoferrin metal saturation, sialic acid and protein fragments in the inhibition of rotavirus infection","volume":"1528","author":"Superti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salaris, C., Scarpa, M., Elli, M., Bertolini, A., Guglielmetti, S., Pregliasco, F., Blandizzi, C., Brun, P., and Castagliuolo, I. (2021). Protective effects of lactoferrin against SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020328"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campione, E., Lanna, C., Cosio, T., Rosa, L., Conte, M.P., Iacovelli, F., Romeo, A., Falconi, M., Del Vecchio, C., and Franchin, E. (2021). Lactoferrin against SARS-CoV-2: In vitro and in silico evidences. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.666600"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"da Silva, A.M.V., Machado, T.L., Nascimento, R.S., Rodrigues, M., Coelho, F.S., Tubarao, L.N., da Rosa, L.C., Bayma, C., Rocha, V.P., and Frederico, A.B.T. (2024). Immunomodulatory effect of bovine lactoferrin during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1456634"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.3390\/v7020480","article-title":"Bovine lactoferrin inhibits Toscana virus infection by binding to heparan sulphate","volume":"7","author":"Pietrantoni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00524-20","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00524-20","article-title":"Porcine and bovine forms of lactoferrin inhibit growth of porcine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and degrade its virulence factors","volume":"86","author":"Dierick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5428","DOI":"10.3390\/v7102883","article-title":"Perspective of use of antiviral peptides against Influenza virus","volume":"7","author":"Skalickova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6992","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules16086992","article-title":"Antiviral properties of lactoferrin\u2014A natural immunity molecule","volume":"16","author":"Berlutti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.8.4.818-821.2001","article-title":"Viral load in breast milk correlates with transmission of human cytomegalovirus to preterm neonates, but lactoferrin concentrations do not","volume":"8","author":"Harmsen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s004300050093","article-title":"Inhibition of poliovirus type 1 infection by iron-, manganese- and zinc-saturated lactoferrin","volume":"187","author":"Marchetti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6704","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2021.1920010","article-title":"Early human milk lactoferrin during SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"35","author":"Briana","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/124.6.539","article-title":"Inhibition of growth of Candida albicans by iron-unsaturated lactoferrin: Relation to host-defense mechanisms in chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis","volume":"124","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00189377","article-title":"Killing of Candida albicans by lactoferricin B, a potent antimicrobial peptide derived from the N-terminal region of bovine lactoferrin","volume":"182","author":"Bellamy","year":"1993","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2635","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.11.2635","article-title":"Synergistic fungistatic effects of lactoferrin in combination with antifungal drugs against clinical Candida isolates","volume":"43","author":"Kuipers","year":"1999","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_140","first-page":"02284-19","article-title":"Lactoferrin is broadly active against yeasts and highly synergistic with Amphotericin B","volume":"64","author":"Fernandes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gruden, S., and Poklar Ulrih, N. (2021). Diverse mechanisms of antimicrobial activities of lactoferrins, lactoferricins, and other lactoferrin-derived peptides. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222011264"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6367","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.10.6367","article-title":"Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes inhibit Aspergillus fumigatus conidial growth by lactoferrin-mediated iron depletion","volume":"178","author":"Zarember","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2654","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01547-08","article-title":"Antifungal activities of natural and synthetic iron chelators alone and in combination with azole and polyene antibiotics against Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"53","author":"Zarember","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pawar, S., Markowitz, K., and Velliyagounder, K. (2022). Effect of human lactoferrin on Candida albicans infection and host response interactions in experimental oral candidiasis in mice. Arch. Oral Biol., 137.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2022.105399"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1086\/522427","article-title":"Human lactoferrin-derived peptide\u2019s antifungal activities against disseminated Candida albicans infection","volume":"196","author":"Lupetti","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1986.tb01285.x","article-title":"Interaction between lactoferrin and ovotransferrin and Candida cells","volume":"33","author":"Valenti","year":"1986","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(93)90167-K","article-title":"The fungicidal effect of human lactoferrin on Candida albicans and Candida krusei","volume":"38","author":"Nikawa","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/02681219980000051","article-title":"In vitro susceptibility of Candida species to lactoferrin","volume":"37","author":"Xu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sabouraudia"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(94)90026-4","article-title":"The effect of antifungal agents on the in vitro susceptibility of Candida albicans to apo-lactoferrin","volume":"39","author":"Nikawa","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.1997.tb01034.x","article-title":"Augmented inhibition of growth of Candida albicans by neutrophils in the presence of lactoferrin","volume":"18","author":"Okutomi","year":"1997","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(94)00195-H","article-title":"Modulation of the anti-Candida activity of apo-lactoferrin by dietary sucrose and tunicamycin in vitro","volume":"40","author":"Nikawa","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/46.4.595","article-title":"Lactoferrin given in food facilitates dermatophytosis cure in guinea pig models","volume":"46","author":"Wakabayashi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.06.012","article-title":"Synergy and antagonism between iron chelators and antifungal drugs in Cryptococcus","volume":"48","author":"Lai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1997.tb05097.x","article-title":"The antifungal effect of lactoferrin and lysozyme on Candida krusei and Candida albicans","volume":"105","author":"Samaranayake","year":"1997","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai, Y.W., Pang, C.N.I., Campbell, L.T., Chen, S.C.A., Wilkins, M.R., and Carter, D.A. (2019). Different pathways mediate amphotericin-lactoferrin drug synergy in Cryptococcus and Saccharomyces. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02195"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3189","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.5.3189","article-title":"Cascades of mammalian caspase activation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"274","author":"Kang","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-51-10-844","article-title":"Effect of lactoferrin feeding on the host antifungal response in guinea-pigs infected or immunised with Trichophyton mentagrophytes","volume":"51","author":"Wakabayashi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_158","unstructured":"Lodish, H., Berk, A., Zipursky, S.L., Matsudaira, P., Baltimore, D., and Darnell, J. (2000). Viruses: Structure, function, and uses. Molecular Cell Biology, WH Freeman. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anand, N. (2023). Antiparasitic activity of the iron-containing milk protein lactoferrin and its potential derivatives against human intestinal and blood parasites. Front. Parasitol., 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpara.2023.1330398"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zarzosa-Moreno, D., Avalos-Gomez, C., Ramirez-Texcalco, L.S., Torres-Lopez, E., Ramirez-Mondragon, R., Hernandez-Ramirez, J.O., Serrano-Luna, J., and de la Garza, M. (2020). Lactoferrin and its derived peptides: An alternative for combating virulence mechanisms developed by pathogens. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25245763"},{"key":"ref_161","first-page":"327","article-title":"Microbicidal action of lactoferrin and lactoferricin and their synergistic effect with metronidazole in Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"84","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.3121\/cmr.4.2.106","article-title":"Amoebicidal activity of milk, apo-lactoferrin, sIgA and lysozyme","volume":"4","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.73.710","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of lactoferrin on in vitro growth of Babesia caballi","volume":"73","author":"Ikadai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0804","article-title":"Killing of Cryptosporidium sporozoites by lactoferrin","volume":"97","author":"Paredes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-010-9295-3","article-title":"Microbicidal effect of the lactoferrin peptides lactoferricin17-30, lactoferrampin265-284, and lactoferrin chimera on the parasite Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"23","author":"Nazmi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diaz-Godinez, C., Gonzalez-Galindo, X., Meza-Menchaca, T., Bobes, R.J., de la Garza, M., Leon-Sicairos, N., Laclette, J.P., and Carrero, J.C. (2019). Synthetic bovine lactoferrin peptide lfampin kills Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites by necrosis and resolves amoebic intracecal infection in mice. Biosci. Rep., 39.","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20180850"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4550","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.11.4550-4552.1995","article-title":"Giardicidal activity of lactoferrin and N-terminal peptides","volume":"63","author":"Turchany","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm.14.182","article-title":"Targeted chemotherapy of visceral leishmaniasis by lactoferrin-appended amphotericin B-loaded nanoreservoir: In vitro and in vivo studies","volume":"10","author":"Asthana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm.15.181","article-title":"Antiparasitic and immunomodulatory potential of oral nanocapsules encapsulated lactoferrin protein against Plasmodium berghei","volume":"11","author":"Anand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obayashi, M., Kimura, M., Haraguchi, A., Gotanda, M., Kitagawa, T., Matsuno, M., Sakao, K., Hamanaka, D., Kusakisako, K., and Kameda, T. (2024). Bovine lactoferrin inhibits Plasmodium berghei growth by binding to heme. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-70840-6"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(87)90072-5","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum: Inhibition in vitro with lactoferrin, desferriferrithiocin, and desferricrocin","volume":"63","author":"Fritsch","year":"1987","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V94.1.326.413a32_326_332","article-title":"Inhibitory activity of human lactoferrin and its peptide on chondroitin sulfate A-, CD36-, and thrombospondin-mediated cytoadherence of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes","volume":"94","author":"Eda","year":"1999","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_173","first-page":"6355","article-title":"Oral administration of encapsulated bovine lactoferrin protein nanocapsules against intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"10","author":"Anand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2024.100575","article-title":"Lactoferrin-modified nanoemulsions enhance brain-targeting and therapeutic efficacy of arctigenin against Toxoplasma gondii-induced neuronal injury","volume":"27","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2011.49.1.79","article-title":"Identification of antigenic proteins in Trichomonas vaginalis","volume":"49","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2024.11.004","article-title":"Interaction of human neutrophils with Trichomonas vaginalis protozoan highlights lactoferrin secretion","volume":"58","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(87)90173-1","article-title":"Lactoferrin effects on the interaction of blood forms of Trypanosoma cruzi with mononuclear phagocytes","volume":"17","author":"Lima","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2010.07620.x","article-title":"Human lactoferrin activates NF-kappaB through the Toll-like receptor 4 pathway while it interferes with the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated TLR4 signaling","volume":"277","author":"Ando","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V80.1.235.235","article-title":"Regulation of cytokine release from mononuclear cells by the iron-binding protein lactoferrin","volume":"80","author":"Crouch","year":"1992","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1139\/o11-056","article-title":"Lactoferrin, a key molecule in immune and inflammatory processes","volume":"90","author":"Legrand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_181","first-page":"433","article-title":"Lactoferrin regulates the release of tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 6 in vivo","volume":"74","author":"Machnicki","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_182","first-page":"79","article-title":"Activation of macrophages by lactoferrin: Secretion of TNF-alpha, IL-8, and NO","volume":"43","author":"Sorimachi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-007-0041-6","article-title":"Lactoferrin modulation of IL-12 and IL-10 response from activated murine leukocytes","volume":"196","author":"Hwang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2000.tb00880.x","article-title":"Activation of intestinal mucosal immunity in tumor-bearing mice by lactoferrin","volume":"91","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s10989-022-10447-5","article-title":"Lactoferrin and metoprolol supplementation increase mouse survival in an experimental LPS-induced sepsis model","volume":"28","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Pept. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1139\/o06-058","article-title":"Regulation of physiological and pathological Th1 and Th2 responses by lactoferrin","volume":"84","author":"Fischer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2013.811259","article-title":"Bovine lactoferrin promotes corneal wound healing and suppresses IL-1 expression in alkali wounded mouse cornea","volume":"38","author":"Pattamatta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-018-0390-x","article-title":"Antidiabetic efficacy of lactoferrin in type 2 diabetic pediatrics; controlling impact on PPAR-gamma, SIRT-1, and TLR4 downstream signaling pathway","volume":"10","author":"Mohamed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2013.1632","article-title":"Determination of the effects of lactoferrin in a preclinical mouse model of experimental colitis","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.2002.02868.x","article-title":"Oral administration of lactoferrin reduces colitis in rats via modulation of the immune system and correction of cytokine imbalance","volume":"17","author":"Togawa","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxac200","article-title":"Lactoferrin attenuates intestinal barrier dysfunction and inflammation by modulating the MAPK pathway and gut microbes in mice","volume":"152","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2004.05.009","article-title":"Lactoferrin works as a new LPS-binding protein in inflammatory activation of macrophages","volume":"4","author":"Na","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7383","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-19232","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of lactoferrin on pulmonary inflammatory processes induced by lipopolysaccharide by modulating the TLR4-related pathway","volume":"104","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8749(03)00006-6","article-title":"Lactoferrin down-regulates the LPS-induced cytokine production in monocytic cells via NF-kappa B","volume":"220","author":"Ohlsson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell Immunol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pu, T.-Y., Chuang, K.-C., Tung, M.-C., Yen, C.-C., Chen, Y.-H., Cidem, A., Ko, C.-H., Chen, W., and Chen, C.-M. (2024). Lactoferrin as a therapeutic agent for attenuating hepatic stellate cell activation in thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis. Biomed. Pharmacother., 174.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116490"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2010.06.001","article-title":"Lactoferrin modulation of mycobacterial cord factor trehalose 6-6\u2032-dimycolate induced granulomatous response","volume":"156","author":"Welsh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409596","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/409596","article-title":"Lactoferrin: A modulator for immunity against tuberculosis related granulomatous pathology","volume":"2015","author":"Actor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2022.103761","article-title":"Bovine lactoferrin suppresses inflammatory cytokine expression in endometrial stromal cells in chronic endometritis","volume":"154","author":"Nakamura","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G187","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00331.2001","article-title":"Lactoferrin reduces colitis in rats via modulation of the immune system and correction of cytokine imbalance","volume":"283","author":"Togawa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1177\/039463201102400423","article-title":"Lactoferrin decreases inflammatory response by cystic fibrosis bronchial cells invaded with Burkholderia cenocepacia iron-modulated biofilm","volume":"24","author":"Valenti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_201","first-page":"10","article-title":"Lactoferrin and oral diseases: Current status and perspective in periodontitis","volume":"2","author":"Berlutti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Stomatol."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12950-017-0152-9","article-title":"Influence of vaginal lactoferrin administration on amniotic fluid cytokines and its role against inflammatory complications of pregnancy","volume":"14","author":"Maritati","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lepanto, M.S., Rosa, L., Cutone, A., Conte, M.P., Paesano, R., and Valenti, P. (2018). Efficacy of lactoferrin oral administration in the treatment of anemia and anemia of inflammation in pregnant and non-pregnant women: An interventional study. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02123"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2006.08.006","article-title":"Lactoferrin activates macrophages via TLR4-dependent and -independent signaling pathways","volume":"242","author":"Curran","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Immunol."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2019.08.046","article-title":"Protective effects of lactoferrin on injured intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"54","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199608000-00011","article-title":"Lactoferrin or a fragment thereof inhibits the endotoxin-induced Interleukin-6 response in human monocytic cells","volume":"40","author":"Roseanu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1139\/o06-039","article-title":"Lactoferrin downregulates pro-inflammatory cytokines upexpressed in intestinal epithelial cells infected with invasive or noninvasive Escherichia coli strains","volume":"84","author":"Berlutti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-019-0900-8","article-title":"Effect of bovine lactoferrin as a novel therapeutic agent in a rat model of sepsis-induced acute lung injury","volume":"9","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-5769(01)00189-8","article-title":"Lactoferrin immunomodulation of DTH response in mice","volume":"2","author":"Actor","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114513004315","article-title":"Bovine lactoferrin ingestion protects against inflammation via IL-11 induction in the small intestine of mice with hepatitis","volume":"111","author":"Kuhara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-6153","article-title":"Bovine lactoferrin inhibits lung cancer growth through suppression of both inflammation and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor","volume":"96","author":"Tung","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2002.01956.x","article-title":"Differential effects of prophylactic, concurrent and therapeutic lactoferrin treatment on LPS-induced inflammatory responses in mice","volume":"130","author":"Kruzel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1707.07040","article-title":"Lactoferrin protects human mesenchymal stem cells from oxidative stress-induced senescence and apoptosis","volume":"27","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms15011003","article-title":"Lactoferrin directly scavenges hydroxyl radicals and undergoes oxidative self-degradation: A possible role in protection against oxidative DNA damage","volume":"15","author":"Ogasawara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.4103\/bbrj.bbrj_262_23","article-title":"Use of lactoferrin supplement as an efficient antioxidant to ameliorate the effects of mercury-induced oxidative stress in male Wistar rats","volume":"8","author":"Almuqri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Biotechnol. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2012.1198","article-title":"Lactoferrin protects against prion protein-induced cell death in neuronal cells by preventing mitochondrial dysfunction","volume":"31","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943523","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/943523","article-title":"Antioxidant effects of bovine lactoferrin on dexamethasone-induced hypertension in rat","volume":"2014","author":"Safaeian","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISRN Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5316","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2023-24490","article-title":"Preventive effects of lactoferrin on acute alcohol-induced liver injury via iron chelation and regulation of iron metabolism","volume":"107","author":"Guan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(00)01243-6","article-title":"Lactoferrin inhibits the binding of lipopolysaccharides to L-selectin and subsequent production of reactive oxygen species by neutrophils","volume":"469","author":"Baveye","year":"2000","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S.E., Choi, S., Hong, J.Y., Shim, K.S., Kim, T.H., Park, K., and Lee, S.H. (2019). Accelerated osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells by lactoferrin-conjugated nanodiamonds through enhanced anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10010050"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.2174\/138161209788453202","article-title":"Lactoferrin as a natural immune modulator","volume":"15","author":"Actor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_222","first-page":"3821","article-title":"Effect of lactoferrin protein on red blood cells and macrophages: Mechanism of parasite-host interaction","volume":"9","author":"Anand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Des. Devel. Ther."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4081","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01597-07","article-title":"Human lactoferrin induces apoptosis-like cell death in Candida albicans: Critical role of K+-channel-mediated K+ efflux","volume":"52","author":"Andres","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20201882","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765202220201882","article-title":"An in vitro approach to protective effect of lactoferrin on Acrylamide-induced oxidative damage","volume":"94","author":"Bodur","year":"2022","journal-title":"An. Acad. Bras. Cienc."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2024.107404","article-title":"Astrocyte-derived lactoferrin inhibits neuronal ferroptosis by reducing iron content and GPX4 degradation in APP\/PS1 transgenic mice","volume":"209","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Zhao, Y., Zong, Q., Hu, P., Bao, W., Liu, H.Y., and Cai, D. (2023). Lactoferrin restores the deoxynivalenol-impaired spermatogenesis and blood-testis barrier integrity via improving the antioxidant capacity and modifying the cell adhesion and inflammatory response. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12010152"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5321","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-023-03605-3","article-title":"Appraisal of the pre-emptive effect of lactoferrin against chromium-induced testicular toxicity in male rats","volume":"201","author":"Ashwish","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2013.09.011","article-title":"Novel recombinant human lactoferrin: Differential activation of oxidative stress-related gene expression","volume":"168","author":"Kruzel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2019.103736","article-title":"Lactoferrin improves cognitive function and attenuates brain senescence in aged mice","volume":"65","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, Y., Liu, Z., Wang, Y., Zhang, L., Chua, N., Dai, L., Chen, J., and Ho, C.L. (2021). Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of therapeutic human lactoferrin fragments. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.779018"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1177\/1753425909105317","article-title":"Lactoferrin decreases LPS-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in cultured cells and in animal endotoxemia model","volume":"16","author":"Kruzel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Innate Immun."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Safaeian, L., Javanmard, S.H., Mollanoori, Y., and Dana, N. (2015). Cytoprotective and antioxidant effects of human lactoferrin against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Adv. Biomed. Res., 4.","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-9175.164010"},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdel-Wahhab, K.G., Ashry, M., Hassan, L.K., El-Azma, M.H., Elqattan, G.M., Gadelmawla, M.H., and Mannaa, F.A. (2024). Hepatic and immune modulatory effectiveness of lactoferrin loaded selenium nanoparticles on bleomycin induced hepatic injury. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-70894-6"},{"key":"ref_234","first-page":"801","article-title":"The protective effect of lactoferrin on adenosine deaminase, nitric oxide and liver enzymes in lipopolysaccharide-induced experimental endotoxemia model in rats","volume":"26","author":"Gulmez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.12.118","article-title":"A pilot study on the effect of lactoferrin on Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathological sequelae: Impact of the p-Akt\/PTEN pathway","volume":"111","author":"Mohamed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2003-3-420","article-title":"Lactoferrin-protector against oxidative stress and regulator of glycolysis in human erythrocytes","volume":"58","author":"Maneva","year":"2003","journal-title":"Z. Naturforsch. C J. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trentini, A., Maritati, M., Rosta, V., Cervellati, C., Manfrinato, M.C., Hanau, S., Greco, P., Bonaccorsi, G., Bellini, T., and Contini, C. (2020). Vaginal lactoferrin administration decreases oxidative stress in the amniotic fluid of pregnant women: An open-label randomized pilot study. Front. Med., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.00555"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s43088-024-00494-w","article-title":"Assessment of single and combined administration of ubiquinone and lactoferrin on histopathology, ultrastructure, oxidative stress, and WNT4 expression gene induced by thioacetamide on hepatorenal system of adult male rats","volume":"13","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Beni-Suef Univ. J. Basic Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1080\/01480545.2019.1585868","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and hepatoprotective effects of lactoferrin in rats","volume":"44","author":"Farid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2007.02.006","article-title":"Effect of dietary bovine lactoferrin on performance and antioxidant status of piglets","volume":"140","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3449","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2254","article-title":"Lactoferrin could alleviate liver injury caused by Maillard reaction products with furan ring through regulating necroptosis pathway","volume":"9","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y.-C., and Hsieh, C.-C. (2014). Lactoferrin dampens high-fructose corn syrup-induced hepatic manifestations of the metabolic syndrome in a murine model. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097341"},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1139\/o06-040","article-title":"Oral administration of lactoferrin increases hemoglobin and total serum iron in pregnant women","volume":"84","author":"Paesano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1177\/039463201002300220","article-title":"Lactoferrin efficacy versus ferrous sulfate in curing iron disorders in pregnant and non-pregnant women","volume":"23","author":"Paesano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1080\/00016340903117994","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of oral bovine lactoferrin compared to ferrous sulfate in pregnant women with iron deficiency anemia: A prospective controlled randomized study","volume":"88","author":"Nappi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-020-00236-2","article-title":"Influence of oral administration mode on the efficacy of commercial bovine Lactoferrin against iron and inflammatory homeostasis disorders","volume":"33","author":"Rosa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-014-9723-x","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of lactoferrin versus ferrous sulphate in curing iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia in hereditary thrombophilia pregnant women: An interventional study","volume":"27","author":"Paesano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1139\/o01-239","article-title":"Cancer prevention by bovine lactoferrin and underlying mechanisms a review of experimental and clinical studies","volume":"80","author":"Tsuda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-08-0208","article-title":"Effect of orally administered bovine lactoferrin on the growth of adenomatous colorectal polyps in a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"2","author":"Kozu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2024.114727","article-title":"A review of the safety evidence on recombinant human lactoferrin for use as a food ingredient","volume":"189","author":"Dallas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/15\/8\/1174\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:28:51Z","timestamp":1760034531000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/15\/8\/1174"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,16]]},"references-count":250,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["biom15081174"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom15081174","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,16]]}}}