{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T15:07:12Z","timestamp":1787152032361,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Italian Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RF2021-12373111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF2021-12373111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Italian Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RCC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RCC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Italian Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CM23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CM23"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004229","name":"Mariani Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RF2021-12373111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF2021-12373111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004229","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004229","name":"Mariani Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RCC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RCC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004229","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004229","name":"Mariani Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CM23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CM23"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004229","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mitochondrial network dynamics, encompassing processes like fission, fusion, and mitophagy, are crucial for mitochondrial function and overall cellular health. Dysregulation of these processes has been linked to various human diseases. Particularly, pathogenic variants in the gene DNM1L can lead to a broad range of clinical phenotypes, ranging from isolated optic atrophy to severe neurological conditions. DNM1L encodes DRP1 (dynamin-1-like protein), which is a key player in mitochondrial and peroxisomal fission. This study describes two twin sisters with a de novo heterozygous variant in DNM1L, due to possible paternal germline mosaicism identified through clinical exome sequencing. The two twins showed a variable clinical presentation, including paraparesis and optic neuropathy. Functional studies of patient-derived fibroblasts revealed altered mitochondrial and peroxisomal morphology, along with dysregulated DNM1L transcript levels, indicating the deleterious effect of the variant. These findings allowed us to reclassify the identified variant from a variant of uncertain significance to a likely pathogenic variant. Our report provides insight into the phenotypic spectrum of DNM1L-related disorders and highlights the need to combine genetic and functional analyses to accurately diagnose rare mitochondrial diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15091230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T10:35:17Z","timestamp":1756204517000},"page":"1230","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A De Novo DNM1L Mutation in Twins with Variable Symptoms, Including Paraparesis and Optic Neuropathy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0640-9929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessia","family":"Nasca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20126 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Catania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20126 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8178-6126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Legati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20126 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5785-5016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rossella","family":"Izzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20126 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carola","family":"D\u2019onofrio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20126 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Ciavattini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20126 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5090-6028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleonora","family":"Lamantea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20126 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Costanza","family":"Lamperti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20126 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6564-3766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Ghezzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20126 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2015.12.001","article-title":"Mitochondrial Dynamics and Metabolic Regulation","volume":"27","author":"Wai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. 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