{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:39:03Z","timestamp":1760060343592,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"La Trobe SWFE RFA grant"},{"name":"Australian Society for Parasitology J.D. Smyth postgraduate travel award"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The zoonotic disease fasciolosis poses a significant global threat to both humans and livestock. The causative agent of fasciolosis is Fasciola hepatica, which is commonly referred to as liver fluke. The emergence of drug resistance has underscored the urgent need for new therapeutic treatments against F. hepatica. The tegument surface of F. hepatica is characterized by a dynamic syncytial layer surrounded by a glycocalyx, which serves as a crucial interface in host\u2013parasite interactions, facilitating functions such as nutrient absorption, sensory input, and defense against the host immune response. Despite its pivotal role, only recently have we delved deeper into understanding glycans at the host\u2013parasite interface and the glycosylation of hidden antigens. These glycan antigens have shown promise for vaccine development or as targets for drug manipulation across various pathogenic species. This review aims to consolidate current knowledge on the glycosylation of F. hepatica, exploring glycan motifs identified through generic lectin probing and mass spectrometry. Additionally, it examines the interaction of glycoconjugates with lectins from the innate immune systems of both ruminant and human host species. An enhanced understanding of glycans\u2019 role in F. hepatica biology and their critical involvement in host\u2013parasite interactions will be instrumental in developing novel strategies to combat these parasites effectively. In the future, a more comprehensive approach may be adopted in selecting and designing potential vaccine targets, integrating insights from glycosylation studies to improve efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15091235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T14:18:49Z","timestamp":1756217929000},"page":"1235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Deciphering the Fasciola hepatica Glycocode and Its Involvement in Host\u2013Parasite Interactions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1633-9239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaclyn","family":"Swan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecological Plant and Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy C.","family":"Cameron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecological Plant and Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Terry W.","family":"Spithill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecological Plant and Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4550-2277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Travis","family":"Beddoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecological Plant and Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-1348(01)00019-3","article-title":"European Lymnaeidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda), intermediate hosts of trematodiases, based on nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS-2 sequences","volume":"1","author":"Bargues","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. 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