{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T19:41:00Z","timestamp":1790970060760,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Gansu Province Science and Technology Program Project","award":["25JRRA628"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25JRRA628"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Province Science and Technology Program Project","award":["25JRRA615"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25JRRA615"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Province Science and Technology Program Project","award":["CY2022-QN-A01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CY2022-QN-A01"]}]},{"name":"Cuiying Science and Technology Innovation Project of the of Lanzhou University Second Hospital","award":["25JRRA628"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25JRRA628"]}]},{"name":"Cuiying Science and Technology Innovation Project of the of Lanzhou University Second Hospital","award":["25JRRA615"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25JRRA615"]}]},{"name":"Cuiying Science and Technology Innovation Project of the of Lanzhou University Second Hospital","award":["CY2022-QN-A01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CY2022-QN-A01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hemorrhagic stroke is a severe cerebrovascular disease with a high rate of disability and mortality. Its complex pathological mechanisms, such as blood\u2013brain barrier damage, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress, along with the restrictive nature of the blood\u2013brain barrier, have restricted the clinical therapeutic effects of drugs. Nanotechnology, with its advantages of targeting ability, biocompatibility, and multifunctionality, has provided a new approach for the precise diagnosis and treatment of hemorrhagic stroke. In terms of diagnosis, imaging technology enhanced by magnetic nanoparticles can achieve real-time bedside monitoring of hematoma dynamics and cerebral perfusion, significantly improving the timeliness compared with traditional imaging methods. In the field of treatment, the nanodrug delivery system can remarkably improve the bioavailability and brain targeting of clinical drugs and herbal medicines by enhancing drug solubility, crossing the blood\u2013brain barrier, and responsive and targeting drug release. Multifunctional inorganic nanomaterials, such as cerium oxide nanoparticles, graphene, and perfluorooctyl octyl ether nanoparticles, can alleviate brain edema and neuronal damage through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and the scavenging of free radicals. Moreover, gene delivery mediated by nanocarriers and stem cell transplantation protection strategies have provided innovative solutions for regulating molecular pathways and promoting nerve repair. Although nanotechnology has shown great potential in the diagnosis and treatment of hemorrhagic stroke, its clinical translation still faces challenges such as the evaluation of biosafety, standardization of formulations, and verification of long-term efficacy. In the future, it is necessary to further optimize material design and combine multimodal treatment strategies to promote a substantial breakthrough in this field from basic research to clinical application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15091272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T12:07:32Z","timestamp":1756901252000},"page":"1272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Multiple Applications of Nanomaterials in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hemorrhagic Stroke"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Boyao","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taotao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6046-7978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manxia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"3238165","article-title":"Stroke in the 21(st) Century: A Snapshot of the Burden, Epidemiology, and Quality of Life","volume":"2018","author":"Donkor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stroke Res. 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