{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T04:43:44Z","timestamp":1786509824840,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003500","name":"Budget Integrato per la Ricerca dei Dipartimenti (BIRD)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FRAC_BIRD24_01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRAC_BIRD24_01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003500","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an autoimmune condition with an increasing incidence worldwide, which manifests in two pathological forms: Crohn\u2019s disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC). Both cause chronic inflammation of the digestive tract, although they can present different locations and with different symptoms. To date, the pathogenesis of IBD remains unclear. One of the major complications of these diseases is colorectal cancer. Several studies have reported a correlation between chronic intestinal inflammation and an increased risk of malignancy. Persistent inflammation damages the intestinal mucosa and epithelial wall, altering gut permeability and the local microenvironment. Moreover, the heightened activity of the immune system leads to an increased production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS), increasing the risk of DNA mutation and cell transformation. In addition, some current therapies used to treat IBD and induce remission may contribute to carcinogenesis or impair immune surveillance due to their immunosuppressive activity. The management of cancer risk for IBD patients remains a challenge, and existing screening methods are often invasive (endoscopies, biopsies), resulting in low patient compliance. To address this unmet clinical need, researchers have started using proteomics to identify novel biomarkers that could predict cancer risk in IBD patients in a non-invasive manner. This review aims to examine the current state of knowledge regarding the correlation between IBD and cancer, with a special focus on the biomarkers discovered through proteomic approaches, and their potential application in routine clinical screening. In our view, proteomics represents a powerful and rapidly evolving strategy for biomarker discovery, with the potential to complement or even replace invasive procedures. Its future clinical impact will rely on translating current research advances into robust and accessible diagnostic tools.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15091328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T13:03:02Z","timestamp":1758114182000},"page":"1328","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Proteomics Approaches for Discovering Novel Protein Biomarkers in Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Related Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9358-6227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommaso","family":"Saccon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matilde","family":"Bergamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9223-117X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cinzia","family":"Franchin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Mass Spectrometry Facility (MS@DSF), University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000660","article-title":"World Gastroenterology Organisation Global Guidelines Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"50","author":"Bernstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.10.001","article-title":"Increasing Incidence and Prevalence of the Inflammatory Bowel Diseases with Time, Based on Systematic Review","volume":"142","author":"Molodecky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13971","article-title":"The Incidence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Denmark 1980\u20132013: A Nationwide Cohort Study","volume":"45","author":"Lophaven","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-024-04711-x","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Burden of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, 1990\u20132021: Insights from the Global Burden of Disease 2021","volume":"39","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Color. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.04.003","article-title":"The Global, Regional, and National Burden of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 1990\u20132019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"55","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i1.91","article-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Pathogenesis","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11582","article-title":"Host-Microbe Interactions Have Shaped the Genetic Architecture of Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"491","author":"Jostins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.252","article-title":"The Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Ambient Air Pollution: A Novel Association","volume":"105","author":"Kaplan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.04.061","article-title":"High Prevalence of Adherent-Invasive Escherichia Coli Associated with Ileal Mucosa in Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"127","author":"Boudeau","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000002050","article-title":"Fecal and Mucosal Microbiota Profiling in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"33","author":"Putignani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1488","article-title":"IL-6 Programs TH-17 Cell Differentiation by Promoting Sequential Engagement of the IL-21 and IL-23 Pathways","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2013.07.022","article-title":"IL-17 Family: Cytokines, Receptors and Signaling","volume":"64","author":"Gu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2023.01.001","article-title":"IBD Disease-Modifying Therapies: Insights from Emerging Therapeutics","volume":"29","author":"Kotla","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjx009","article-title":"Third European Evidence-Based Consensus on Diagnosis and Management of Ulcerative Colitis. Part 2: Current Management","volume":"11","author":"Harbord","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjab178","article-title":"ECCO Guidelines on Therapeutics in Ulcerative Colitis: Medical Treatment","volume":"16","author":"Raine","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjz180","article-title":"ECCO Guidelines on Therapeutics in Crohn\u2019s Disease: Medical Treatment","volume":"14","author":"Torres","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjae091","article-title":"ECCO Guidelines on Therapeutics in Crohn\u2019s Disease: Medical Treatment","volume":"18","author":"Gordon","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D1265","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad976","article-title":"DrugBank 6.0: The DrugBank Knowledgebase for 2024","volume":"52","author":"Knox","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.3163\/1536-5050.95.2.224","article-title":"MedWatch: The FDA Safety Information and Adverse Event Reporting Program","volume":"95","author":"Craigle","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Libr. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.18294","article-title":"Review Article: Novel Therapies in Inflammatory Bowel Disease\u2014An Update for Clinicians","volume":"60","author":"Noor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1928.01140100031002","article-title":"Chronic Ulcerative Colitis Associated with Malignant Disease","volume":"17","author":"Bargen","year":"1928","journal-title":"Arch. Surg."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1097\/00054725-199808000-00007","article-title":"Clinical Review Risk Factors and Distinguishing Features of Cancer in IBD","volume":"4","author":"Ekbom","year":"1998","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1038\/s41395-018-0360-9","article-title":"Malignancies in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Frequency, Incidence and Risk Factors\u2014Results from the Swiss IBD Cohort Study","volume":"114","author":"Scharl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"450","article-title":"Cancer Risk in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A 6-Year Prospective Multicenter Nested Case-Control IG-IBD Study","volume":"26","author":"Biancone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2010.01.006","article-title":"Thiopurines: Factors Influencing Toxicity and Response","volume":"79","author":"Fotoohi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-021-06883-w","article-title":"The Question That Doesn\u2019t Seem to Go Away: Cancer Risk of Anti-TNF Therapy","volume":"67","author":"Ledder","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izac096","article-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Long-Term Risk of Cancer: A Prospective Cohort Study among Half a Million Adults in UK Biobank","volume":"29","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01510","article-title":"From Genomics to Proteomics","volume":"422","author":"Tyers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2015.07.006","article-title":"Proteomics in Cancer Research: Are We Ready for Clinical Practice?","volume":"96","author":"Maes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-021-03302-4","article-title":"Monoplex and Multiplex Immunoassays: Approval, Advancements, and Alternatives","volume":"31","author":"Ahsan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comp. Clin. Path"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.2c00838","article-title":"An Introduction to Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics","volume":"22","author":"Shuken","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duarte, T.T., and Spencer, C.T. (2016). Personalized Proteomics: The Future of Precision Medicine. Proteomes, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/proteomes4040029"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2013.12.010","article-title":"Discovery and Validation of Urinary Biomarkers for Detection of Renal Cell Carcinoma","volume":"98","author":"Frantzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4077","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-15-2715","article-title":"Development and Validation of Urine-Based Peptide Biomarker Panels for Detecting Bladder Cancer in a Multi-Center Study","volume":"22","author":"Frantzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-022-02139-0","article-title":"Quantitative SWATH-Based Proteomic Profiling of Urine for the Identification of Endometrial Cancer Biomarkers in Symptomatic Women","volume":"128","author":"Njoku","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2021.104453","article-title":"Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Cervical Cancer Based on TMT-Labeled Quantitative Proteomics","volume":"252","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1900","article-title":"A Targeted Proteomics-Based Pipeline for Verification of Biomarkers in Plasma","volume":"29","author":"Whiteaker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1159\/000530825","article-title":"Optimal Use of Serum Leucine-Rich Alpha-2 Glycoprotein as a Biomarker for Small Bowel Lesions of Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"8","author":"Asonuma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inflamm. Intest. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12953-014-0047-0","article-title":"Potential Serum Biomarkers for Glioblastoma Diagnostic Assessed by Proteomic Approaches","volume":"12","author":"Popescu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proteome Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jjae169","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjae169","article-title":"Characterization of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Heterogeneity Using Serum Proteomics: A Multicenter Study","volume":"19","author":"Salomon","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2019-1125","article-title":"Peptidomic and Proteomic Analysis of Stool for Diagnosing IBD and Deciphering Disease Pathogenesis","volume":"58","author":"Basso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13466","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i37.13466","article-title":"Predictive Proteomic Biomarkers for Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Associated Cancer: Where Are We Now in the Era of the next Generation Proteomics?","volume":"20","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2007.02.025","article-title":"Enzymes in Feces: Useful Markers of Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"381","author":"Angriman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2755","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-012-2291-4","article-title":"Current Advantages in the Application of Proteomics in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"57","author":"Vaiopoulou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-006-0188-3","article-title":"Cytokeratin 7\/20 and Mucin Core Protein Expression in Ulcerative Colitis-Associated Colorectal Neoplasms","volume":"448","author":"Tatsumi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2013.1528","article-title":"Correlation of CCL20 Expression in Rectal Mucosa with the Development of Ulcerative Colitis-Associated Neoplasia","volume":"6","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200500390","article-title":"Loss of Transgelin in Repeated Bouts of Ulcerative Colitis-Induced Colon Carcinogenesis","volume":"6","author":"Yeo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1021\/pr100574p","article-title":"Investigating Neoplastic Progression of Ulcerative Colitis with Label-Free Comparative Proteomics","volume":"10","author":"May","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murata, M. (2018). Inflammation and Cancer. Environ. Health Prev. Med., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12199-018-0740-1"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-016-4435-4","article-title":"Colorectal Cancer in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Population-Based Study in Utah","volume":"62","author":"Valentine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.48.4.526","article-title":"The Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Ulcerative Colitis: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"48","author":"Eaden","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.22935","article-title":"Colorectal Cancer in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Population-Based Study (1976\u20132008)","volume":"18","author":"Lepage","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.05.017","article-title":"Long-Term Follow-up Reveals Low Incidence of Colorectal Cancer, but Frequent Need for Resection, Among Australian Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"12","author":"Selinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s12014-019-9255-z","article-title":"Potential Early Clinical Stage Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis Using a Proteomics Blood Test Panel","volume":"16","author":"Ahn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20582","article-title":"Paraoxonase-1 Status in Crohn\u2019s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"15","author":"Boehm","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-07320-0_5","article-title":"Inflammation, Infection, Cancer 5 and All That\u2026the Role of Paraoxonases","volume":"824","author":"Devarajan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Traten\u0161ek, A., Locatelli, I., Grabnar, I., Drobne, D., and Vovk, T. (2024). Oxidative Stress-Related Biomarkers as Promising Indicators of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Activity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Redox Biol., 77.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2024.103380"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Contran, N., Arrigoni, G., Battisti, I., D\u2019Inc\u00e0, R., Angriman, I., Franchin, C., Scapellato, M.L., Padoan, A., Moz, S., and Aita, A. (2024). Colorectal Cancer and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Share Common Salivary Proteomic Pathways. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-68400-z"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3423","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.2001.02241.x","article-title":"Proteolytic Processing of a Human Salivary Proline-Rich Protein Precursor by Proprotein Convertases","volume":"268","author":"Chan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.06.051","article-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Small Bowel Cancer Risk, Clinical Characteristics, and Histopathology: A Population-Based Study","volume":"15","author":"Bojesen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-021-03876-0","article-title":"The Role of Leucine-Rich Alpha-2-Glycoprotein-1 in Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion of Tumors","volume":"148","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izac230","article-title":"Leucine-Rich Alpha-2 Glycoprotein Is a Reliable Serum Biomarker for Evaluating Clinical and Endoscopic Disease Activity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"29","author":"Shimoyama","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3477","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2014.15.8.3477","article-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Risk of Cholangiocarcinoma: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis of Population-Based Studies","volume":"15","author":"Huai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12204","article-title":"Risk of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Cancer Is Increased by Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Population-Based Cohort Study","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3555","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.895040","article-title":"Diagnostic Accuracy of Serum CA19-9 in Patients with Cholangiocarcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"21","author":"Liang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1002\/aid2.13155","article-title":"The Value of Serum CA19-9 in Predicting Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"7","author":"Shirazi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Dig. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, G., Jin, K., Deng, S., Cheng, H., Fan, Z., Gong, Y., Qian, Y., Huang, Q., Ni, Q., and Liu, C. (2021). Roles of CA19-9 in Pancreatic Cancer: Biomarker, Predictor and Promoter. Biochim. Biophys Acta Rev Cancer, 1875.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2020.188409"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-013-2182-9","article-title":"A Prospective Proteomic-Based Study for Identifying Potential Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"17","author":"Shi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1534\/g3.116.038232","article-title":"Cellular Proteomes Drive Tissue-Specific Regulation of the Heat Shock Response","volume":"7","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"G3 Genes. Genomes Genet."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01298","article-title":"S100A8\/A9 in Inflammation","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.05.004","article-title":"Risk of Melanoma and Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer among Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"143","author":"Long","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.14533","article-title":"Risk of Skin Cancers in Thiopurines-Treated and Thiopurines-Untreated Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"34","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.12.025","article-title":"Increased Risk of Malignancy with Adalimumab Combination Therapy, Compared with Monotherapy, for Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"146","author":"Osterman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berl, A., Shir-Az, O., Genish, I., Biran, H., Mann, D., Singh, A., Wise, J., Kravtsov, V., Kidron, D., and Golberg, A. (2023). Exploring Multisite Heterogeneity of Human Basal Cell Carcinoma Proteome and Transcriptome. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0293744"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.116.069633","article-title":"Catalytic Activities of Tumor-Specific Human Cytochrome P450 CYP2W1 toward Endogenous Substrates","volume":"44","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.9452","article-title":"Somatic Mutations of GUCY2F, EPHA3, and NTRK3 in Human Cancers","volume":"27","author":"Wood","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61302-7","article-title":"Lymphoproliferative Disorders in Patients Receiving Thiopurines for Infl Ammatory Bowel Disease: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study","volume":"374","author":"Beaugerie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.07.035","article-title":"Risk of Lymphoma in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis Treated with Thiopurines: A Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"145","author":"Khan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21582","article-title":"Risk of Malignant Lymphoma in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Dutch Nationwide Study","volume":"17","author":"Vos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2009.113","article-title":"CXCL13 Expression in the Gut Promotes Accumulation of IL-22-Producing Lymphoid Tissue-Inducer Cells, and Formation of Isolated Lymphoid Follicles","volume":"2","author":"Marchesi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-16-2345","article-title":"Biomarker Dynamics in B-Cell Lymphoma: A Longitudinal Prospective Study of Plasma Samples up to 25 Years before Diagnosis","volume":"77","author":"Wibom","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, B., Wang, M., Ao, D., and Wei, X. (2022). CXCL13-CXCR5 Axis: Regulation in Inflammatory Diseases and Cancer. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Rev. Cancer.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2022.188799"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24331","article-title":"Anti-TNF\u03b1 Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Is Associated with Epstein-Barr Virus Lytic Activation","volume":"88","author":"Lapsia","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2989","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2014.273995","article-title":"The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Gastrointestinal Disorders: Stressed Bugs, Stressed Brain or Both?","volume":"592","author":"Collins","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e30494","article-title":"The Gut-Brain-Axis: A Positive Relationship between Gut Microbial Dysbiosis and Glioblastoma Brain Tumour","volume":"10","author":"Ishaq","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1731","article-title":"The Risk of Glioblastoma with TNF Inhibitors","volume":"36","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-015-1978-8","article-title":"Prospective Evaluation of Serum Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) as a Diagnostic Marker for Glioblastoma","volume":"126","author":"Tichy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.576999","article-title":"Cytokines and Biological Markers in Autoimmune GFAP Astrocytopathy: The Potential Role for Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Implications","volume":"334","author":"Kimura","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jun, J., Gim, J., Kim, Y., Kim, H., Yu, S.J., Yeo, I., Park, J., Yoo, J.J., Cho, Y.Y., and Lee, D.H. (2018). Analysis of Significant Protein Abundance from Multiple Reaction-Monitoring Data. BMC Syst. Biol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12918-018-0656-9"}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/15\/9\/1328\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:47:10Z","timestamp":1760035630000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/15\/9\/1328"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["biom15091328"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom15091328","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]}}}