{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T05:10:20Z","timestamp":1758949820066,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Previously, we defined CHI3L1 and PI3 as genes related with asthma and severity by analysis of differential gene expression. In this study, we investigated the role of DNA methylation in their regulation, and their relationship with protein levels and clinical parameters. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and sera were collected from healthy controls (HCs), nonallergic asthmatic (NA), and allergic asthmatic (AA) patients. RNA and DNA were extracted from PBMCs using the trizol method. Gene expression was assessed by qRT-PCR, and DNA methylation of CpG sites near the promoters was analyzed using sodium bisulfite treatment followed by PCR amplification. DNA methylation analysis was performed using the Sequenom EpiTYPER platform. Protein levels were quantified by ELISA, and statistical analyses were carried out using GraphPad software. Consistent with previous findings, CHI3L1 and PI3 gene expression were significantly lower in asthmatic patients compared to controls. Conversely, CHI3L1 protein levels were higher in both patient groups, while PI3 protein showed no significant changes. DNA methylation analysis revealed higher overall DNA methylation percentages in NA and AA patients for both genes compared to HCs. Despite this, no significant correlations were observed between DNA methylation and gene or protein expression, although some correlations were observed with clinical parameters. In conclusion, CHI3L1 and PI3 represent potential asthma biomarkers, whose regulation may be partially influenced by DNA methylation, a mechanism more pronounced in asthmatic patients than in healthy subjects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15101363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T06:02:52Z","timestamp":1758866572000},"page":"1363","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluating the Influence of CHI3L1 and PI3 Methylation in Allergic and Nonallergic Asthma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6398-417X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selene","family":"Baos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Department, IIS-Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz-UAM, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8094-5295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luc\u00eda","family":"Cremades-Jimeno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Department, IIS-Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz-UAM, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8989-2468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda \u00c1ngeles","family":"de Pedro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Department, IIS-Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz-UAM, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"L\u00f3pez-Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Department, IIS-Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz-UAM, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0255-4280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rub\u00e9n","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Santamar\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Department, IIS-Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz-UAM, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4942-0266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Rosales-Ariza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Department, IIS-Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz-UAM, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joaqu\u00edn","family":"Quiralte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy Department, V\u00edrgen del Roc\u00edo University Hospital, 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Florido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy Department, San Cecilio University Hospital, 18007 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicol\u00e1s","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Mangado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonology Department, University Hospital Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4195-9528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Jes\u00fas","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Nieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonology Department, University Hospital Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Germ\u00e1n","family":"Peces-Barba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonology Department, University Hospital Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joaqu\u00edn","family":"Sastre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Allergy Department, University Hospital Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0142-9901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blanca","family":"C\u00e1rdaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Department, IIS-Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz-UAM, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Allergy Department, University Hospital Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GINA (2021, April 20). 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