{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T21:40:53Z","timestamp":1777671653589,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"New Investigator Start-up Grant of Shanxi Normal University","award":["020720200001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["020720200001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is an important functional monosaccharide that serves as a key component in macromolecules such as cell walls and chitin. It has a wide range of applications in medicine, health supplements, and the chemical industry, leading to a growing market demand. This study evaluated the potential genotoxicity of GlcNAc produced by Bacillus subtilis BNZR 2-7 through a comprehensive assessment in vitro and in vivo assays. GlcNAc was non-mutagenic in the Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. Meanwhile, GlcNAc was non-genotoxic in the in vitro micronucleus assay using Chinese hamster ovary cells. In the in vivo assays, GlcNAc was non-genotoxic in the in vivo mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test and spermatocyte chromosome aberration test in mice. These studies provide additional evidence that GlcNAc produced by Bacillus subtilis BNZR 2-7 is not genotoxic at the doses tested, supporting its safety for use in foods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15101368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T13:30:03Z","timestamp":1758893403000},"page":"1368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Safety Evaluation of N-Acetylglucosamine Produced by Bacillus subtilis BNZR 2-7: A Comprehensive In Vitro and In Vivo Genotoxicity Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1031-4911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liangliang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiahui","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China"},{"name":"College of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuefang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kualian","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qingping","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5787-0395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saisai","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yadav, V., Panilaitis, B., Shi, H., Numuta, K., Lee, K., and Kaplan, D.L. 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