{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T22:38:16Z","timestamp":1790289496239,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shenzhen High-level University Construction Funding","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}]},{"name":"Russian Science Foundation (E.N.L., D.S.K., M.L.B.).","award":["24-14-00419"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24-14-00419"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) is a Ly6\/uPAR protein that targets neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). It exists in membrane-tethered and soluble forms, with the latter upregulated in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. We hypothesize that PSCA may be linked to a wider spectrum of neurological diseases and could induce neuroinflammation. Indeed, PSCA expression is significantly upregulated in the brain of patients with multiple sclerosis, Huntington\u2019s disease, Down syndrome, bipolar disorder, and HIV-associated dementia. To investigate PSCA\u2019s structure, pharmacology, and inflammatory function, we produced a correctly folded water-soluble recombinant analog (ws-PSCA). In primary hippocampal neurons and astrocytes, ws-PSCA differently regulates secretion of inflammatory factors and adhesion molecules and induces pro-inflammatory responses by increasing TNF\u03b2 secretion. Heteronuclear NMR and 15N relaxation measurements reveal a classical \u03b2-structural three-finger fold with conformationally disordered loops II and III. Positive charge clustering on the molecular surface suggests the functional importance of ionic interactions by these loops. Electrophysiological studies in Xenopus oocytes point on ws-PSCA inhibition of \u03b13\u03b22-, high-, and low-sensitive variants of \u03b14\u03b22- (IC50 ~50, 27, and 15 \u03bcM, respectively) but not \u03b14\u03b24-nAChRs, suggesting targeting of the \u03b22 subunit. Ensemble docking and molecular dynamics simulations predict PSCA binding to high-sensitive \u03b14\u03b22-nAChR at \u03b14\/\u03b22 and \u03b22\/\u03b22 interfaces. Complexes are stabilized by ionic and hydrogen bonds between PSCA\u2019s loops II and III and the primary and complementary receptor subunits, including glycosyl groups. This study gives new structural and functional insights into PSCA\u2019s interaction with molecular targets and provides clues to understand its role in the brain function and mental disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15101381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T08:00:32Z","timestamp":1759132832000},"page":"1381","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pro-Inflammatory Protein PSCA Is Upregulated in Neurological Diseases and Targets \u03b22-Subunit-Containing nAChRs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mikhail A.","family":"Shulepko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen 518172, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqi","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen 518172, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3614-560X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander S.","family":"Paramonov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0144-5453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milita V.","family":"Kocharovskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Moscow Center for Advanced Studies, 123592 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7212-1360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitrii S.","family":"Kulbatskii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8787-3683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anisia A.","family":"Ivanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moscow Center for Advanced Studies, 123592 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1331-3949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anton O.","family":"Chugunov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Moscow Center for Advanced Studies, 123592 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Scientific Research Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine, 117246 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxim L.","family":"Bychkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artem V.","family":"Kirichenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1383-3522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zakhar O.","family":"Shenkarev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Moscow Center for Advanced Studies, 123592 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikhail P.","family":"Kirpichnikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Scientific and Educational School of Moscow University \u201cMolecular Technologies of the Living Systems and Synthetic Biology\u201d, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9728-9407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina N.","family":"Lyukmanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen 518172, China"},{"name":"Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Moscow Center for Advanced Studies, 123592 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Scientific and Educational School of Moscow University 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