{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:37:58Z","timestamp":1787499478582,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":177,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heart Failure (HF) remains a major cause of mortality despite the advances in pharmacological treatment. Anticoagulation therapies, including Clopidogrel, Aspirin, Warfarin, and novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) such as Apixaban, Rivaroxaban, Edoxaban, and Dabigatran, are frequently administered to HF patients to prevent thromboembolism and adverse, life-threatening outcomes (e.g., stroke and myocardial infarction). In these settings, drug resistance and variability in responsivity to therapeutic approaches are challenging issues. Recent studies suggest that non-coding RNAs, particularly microRNAs (miRs) may play a modulatory role in HF therapy context, affecting drug efficacy. Specific miRs have been associated with resistance to Clopidogrel (e.g., miR-223 and miR-26a), Aspirin (e.g., miR-19b-1-5p and miR-92a) and Warfarin (e.g., miR-133 and miR-137). Moreover, Digoxin, a cardiac glycoside acting also over bleeding risk, upregulates miR-132, which is involved in HF-associated cardiac alteration and hypertrophy. Evidence linking miR expression to NOAC pharmacodynamics, cardiac remodeling and regulation of the coagulation is growing. These findings highlight the need of deeply harnessing the potential of miRs as predictive biomarkers or therapeutic targets in HF. Improving the knowledge on the relationship between miR and anticoagulant drugs in HF patients will contribute to personalization of the anticoagulant therapies, aimed at enhancing patient responsivity and minimizing adverse effects, ultimately improving patient life quality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15101411","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T15:26:54Z","timestamp":1759505214000},"page":"1411","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Anticoagulation Therapies and microRNAs in Heart Failure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3577-4826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"Spartano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8198-5264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Lombardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5155-6426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Foglieni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2024.07.001","article-title":"HF STATS 2024: Heart Failure Epidemiology and Outcomes Statistics An Updated 2024 Report from the Heart Failure Society of America","volume":"31","author":"Bozkurt","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.5942","article-title":"Global Variations in Heart Failure Etiology, Management, and Outcomes","volume":"329","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3114","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.15266","article-title":"A multicentre registry of hospitalized patients with acute and chronic heart failure: Study design of the H2-registry","volume":"12","author":"Leiner","year":"2025","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"352","article-title":"Universal definition and classification of heart failure: A report of the Heart Failure Society of America, Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology, Japanese Heart Failure Society and Writing Committee of the Universal Definition of Heart Failure","volume":"23","author":"Bozkurt","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"e895","article-title":"2022 AHA\/ACC\/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"145","author":"Heidenreich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.03.430","article-title":"Implementing Guideline-Directed Medical Therapy for Heart Failure","volume":"82","author":"Patolia","year":"2023","journal-title":"JACC"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.04.025","article-title":"2017 ACC\/AHA\/HFSA Focused Update of the 2013 ACCF\/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America","volume":"70","author":"Yancy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.05.019","article-title":"2013 ACCF\/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines","volume":"62","author":"Yancy","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw128","article-title":"2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC","volume":"37","author":"Ponikowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2022.12.012","article-title":"Blood Coagulation Disorders in Heart Failure: From Basic Science to Clinical Perspectives","volume":"29","author":"Siniarski","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.113.000267","article-title":"\u03b2-Adrenergic Blockade for Anthracycline- and Trastuzumab-Induced Cardiotoxicity","volume":"6","author":"Nohria","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18255","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0608791103","article-title":"A signature pattern of stress-responsive microRNAs that can evoke cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure","volume":"103","author":"Sutherland","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.01.051","article-title":"The Use of Digoxin in Patients With Worsening Chronic Heart Failure","volume":"63","author":"Ambrosy","year":"2014","journal-title":"JACC"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ehae666-1119","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae666.1119","article-title":"Impact of digoxin on gastrointestinal bleeding following left ventricular assist device implantation: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Rahhal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004899","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.118.004899","article-title":"Digoxin Is Associated With a Decreased Incidence of Angiodysplasia-Related Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Patients With Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Devices","volume":"11","author":"Vukelic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imamura, T. (2024). Clinical Implications of Ivabradine in the Contemporary Era. Medicina, 60.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60020303"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.687947","article-title":"MicroRNAs in the Human Heart","volume":"116","author":"Thum","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.495","article-title":"MicroRNAs in heart failure: From biomarker to target for therapy","volume":"18","author":"Vegter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, N.-N., Wang, J.-L., and Fu, Y.-P. (2022). The microRNA Expression Profiling in Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.856358"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.14153","article-title":"MicroRNAs: Diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic role in heart failure\u2014A review","volume":"10","author":"Gargiulo","year":"2022","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2024.104179","article-title":"MicroRNAs and therapeutic potentials in acute and chronic cardiac disease","volume":"29","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2018.30","article-title":"miRNAS in cardiovascular diseases: Potential biomarkers, therapeutic targets and challenges","volume":"39","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-025-04238-0","article-title":"Prognostic and predictive microRNA panels for heart failure patients with reduced or preserved ejection fraction: A meta-analysis of Kaplan\u2013Meier-based individual patient data","volume":"23","author":"Parvan","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Procyk, G., Klimczak-Tomaniak, D., Sygitowicz, G., and Tomaniak, M. (2022). Circulating and Platelet MicroRNAs in Cardiovascular Risk Assessment and Antiplatelet Therapy Monitoring. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11071763"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270009343005","article-title":"Metabolism and disposition of the thienopyridine antiplatelet drugs ticlopidine, clopidogrel, and Prasugrel in humans","volume":"50","author":"Farid","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-40669","article-title":"P2Y12, A New Platelet ADP Receptor, Target of Clopidogrel","volume":"03","author":"Herbert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Semin. Vasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1177\/2042098611422559","article-title":"Metabolic activation of clopidogrel: In Vitro data provide conflicting evidence for the contributions of CYP2C19 and PON1","volume":"2","author":"Polasek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000112378.09325.F9","article-title":"Contribution of Hepatic Cytochrome P450 3A4 Metabolic Activity to the Phenomenon of Clopidogrel Resistance","volume":"109","author":"Lau","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.31.1.53","article-title":"The Metabolism of Clopidogrel Is Catalyzed by Human Cytochrome P450 3A and Is Inhibited by Atorvastatin","volume":"31","author":"Clarke","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"A18464","article-title":"Abstract 18464: Different Modulation of MicroRNA by Ticagrelor and Clopidogrel in Non STEMI Patients (TIGER M Study NCT02071966)","volume":"136","author":"Biasucci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"e46455","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety Profile of Ticagrelor Versus Clopidogrel in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) for Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"15","author":"Maqbool","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2023.10.046","article-title":"Comparison of Ticagrelor and Clopidogrel in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome at High Bleeding or Ischemic Risk","volume":"210","author":"Akyuz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0904327","article-title":"Ticagrelor versus Clopidogrel in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes","volume":"361","author":"Wallentin","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2019.6447","article-title":"Association of Ticagrelor vs Clopidogrel With Major Adverse Coronary Events in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention","volume":"180","author":"Turgeon","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-019-06855-3","article-title":"Platelet MicroRNA 365-3p Expression Correlates with High On-treatment Platelet Reactivity in Coronary Artery Disease Patients","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060520967829","article-title":"Diagnostic and prognostic significance of aberrant miR-652-3p levels in patients with acute decompensated heart failure and acute kidney injury","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Int. Med Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-021-02060-8","article-title":"Targets and regulation of microRNA-652-3p in homoeostasis and disease","volume":"99","author":"Stevens","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00751","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.751","article-title":"The expression profile of platelet-derived miRNA in coronary artery disease patients with clopidogrel resistance","volume":"9","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e021129","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.121.021129","article-title":"Influence of GAS5\/MicroRNA-223-3p\/P2Y12 Axis on Clopidogrel Response in Coronary Artery Disease","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mgene.2020.100745","article-title":"Selection of miRNAs for clopidogrel resistance prediction","volume":"25","author":"Rytkin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Meta Gene"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.113.301780","article-title":"MicroRNA-26a Regulates Pathological and Physiological Angiogenesis by Targeting BMP\/SMAD1 Signaling","volume":"113","author":"Icli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2013.89","article-title":"Local Inhibition of MicroRNA-24 Improves Reparative Angiogenesis and Left Ventricle Remodeling and Function in Mice With Myocardial Infarction","volume":"21","author":"Meloni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"57","article-title":"MiR-199a-3p promotes repair of myocardial infarction by targeting NACC2","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W409","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab297","article-title":"miRTargetLink 2.0\u2014Interactive miRNA target gene and target pathway networks","volume":"49","author":"Kern","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D638","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac1000","article-title":"The STRING database in 2023: Protein\u2013protein association networks and functional enrichment analyses for any sequenced genome of interest","volume":"51","author":"Szklarczyk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Emerging Role of miR-223 in Platelet Reactivity: Implications in Antiplatelet Therapy","volume":"2015","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Askari, S., and Goldfinger, L.E. (2025). Roles of miR-223 in Platelet Function and High On-Treatment Platelet Reactivity: A Brief Report and Review. Genes, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16030312"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.300539","article-title":"Circulating MicroRNAs as Novel Biomarkers for Platelet Activation","volume":"112","author":"Willeit","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jha, S., Loganathbabu, V.K.T., Kumaran, K., Krishnasamy, G., and Aruljothi, K.N. (2023). Long Non-Coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in Heart Failure: A Comprehensive Review. Non-Coding RNA, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ncrna10010003"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.1651","article-title":"Existence of a microRNA pathway in anucleate platelets","volume":"16","author":"Landry","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-023-01068-9","article-title":"miR-6076 rs1463411 polymorphisms are associated with bleeding during clopidogrel treatment in patients with acute coronary syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Mo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1080\/09537104.2019.1696455","article-title":"microRNA-605 rs2043556 polymorphisms affect clopidogrel therapy through modulation of CYP2B6 and P2RY12 in acute coronary syndrome patients","volume":"31","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Platelets"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200860","DOI":"10.1080\/09537104.2023.2200860","article-title":"Decreased platelet miR-199a-5p level might lead to high on-clopidogrel platelet reactivity in patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"34","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Platelets"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ehaa946-1547","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/ehaa946.1547","article-title":"Epigenetic interaction of miRNA-26a and P2Y12 gene DNA methylation on platelet reactivity under clopidogrel and their impact to the coronary flow after primary PCI in STEMI","volume":"41","author":"Syam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.177156","article-title":"Identification of hsa_circ_0076957 and miR-4512-targeted COL19A1 as regulators in clopidogrel resistance among stable coronary heart disease patients through comprehensive circRNA and miRNA analysis","volume":"986","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7276.1591","article-title":"The discovery of aspirin: A reappraisal","volume":"321","author":"Sneader","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tabari, M.A.K., Mishan, M.A., Moradi, M., Khandan, M., Khoshhal, H., Mahrooz, A., and Bagheri, A. (2021). Noncoding RNA Roles in Pharmacogenomic Responses to Aspirin: New Molecular Mechanisms for an Old Drug. BioMed Res. Int., 2021.","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6830560"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-3848(03)00379-7","article-title":"The mechanism of action of aspirin","volume":"110","author":"Vane","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/S1734-1140(10)70308-X","article-title":"Vane\u2019s discovery of the mechanism of action of aspirin changed our understanding of its clinical pharmacology","volume":"62","author":"Botting","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.113.000132","article-title":"Aspirin Use in Heart Failure","volume":"7","author":"Bermingham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13688","article-title":"Aspirin use is associated with increased risk for incident heart failure: A patient-level pooled analysis","volume":"9","author":"Mujaj","year":"2021","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"1488","article-title":"Aspirin in primary prevention and the risk of heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials","volume":"10","author":"Luchiari","year":"2022","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.2459\/JCM.0000000000000691","article-title":"Platelet miRNA-26b down-regulates multidrug resistance protein 4 in patients on chronic aspirin treatment","volume":"19","author":"Biasucci","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12432","article-title":"Aspirin influences megakaryocytic gene expression leading to up-regulation of multidrug resistance protein-4 in human platelets","volume":"78","author":"Massimi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.03.049","article-title":"Aspirin Extrusion From Human Platelets Through Multidrug Resistance Protein-4\u2013Mediated Transport","volume":"58","author":"Mattiello","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1726","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(12)61727-6","article-title":"Low-Dose Aspirin Prevents Coronary Endothelial Injury by Oxidized-LDL through the Akt- FGF2 Prosurvival Pathway","volume":"59","author":"Chang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3451","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht007","article-title":"Aspirin treatment hampers the use of plasma microRNA-126 as a biomarker for the progression of vascular disease","volume":"34","author":"Prins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1080\/09537104.2020.1775804","article-title":"MicroRNA-126 is a regulator of platelet-supported thrombin generation","volume":"31","author":"Zapilko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Platelets"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2020.106651","article-title":"Differential expression of microRNA and arachidonic acid metabolism in aspirin-treated human cardiac and peri-cardiac fat-derived mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"127","author":"Ruan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volodko, O., Volinsky, N., Yarkoni, M., Margalit, N., Kusniec, F., Sudarsky, D., Elbaz-Greener, G., Carasso, S., and Amir, O. (2023). Characterization of Systemic and Culprit-Coronary Artery miR-483-5p Ex-pression in Chronic CAD and Acute Myocardial Infarction Male Patients. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24108551"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.10.098","article-title":"Low miR-19b-1-5p expression in isolated platelets after aspirin use is related to aspirin insensitivity","volume":"203","author":"Kok","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2016.04.017","article-title":"Aspirin resistance may be identified by miR-92a in plasma combined with platelet distribution width","volume":"49","author":"Binderup","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e017120","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.017120","article-title":"Low miR-19b-1-5p Expression Is Related to Aspirin Resistance and Major Adverse Cardio- Cerebrovascular Events in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2006.02192.x","article-title":"Nucleotide receptor signaling in platelets","volume":"4","author":"Kahner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2004.00722.x","article-title":"The P2Y1receptor plays an essential role in the platelet shape change induced by collagen when TxA2 formation is prevented","volume":"2","author":"Mangin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.16191","article-title":"Exploring bias in platelet P2Y1 signalling: Host defence versus haemostasis","volume":"181","author":"Pan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-553X.2012.01420.x","article-title":"P2RY1 and P2RY12 polymorphisms and on-aspirin platelet reactivity in patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"34","author":"Timur","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Lab. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2011.02.019","article-title":"Genetic determinants of response to aspirin: Appraisal of 4 candidate genes","volume":"128","author":"Diodati","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1038\/jhg.2013.40","article-title":"Pharmacogenetics of warfarin: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"58","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1097\/HCO.0b013e32835f0bbc","article-title":"Clopidogrel and warfarin pharmacogenetic tests","volume":"28","author":"Shahin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1080\/08998280.2001.11927781","article-title":"A Review of Warfarin Dosing and Monitoring","volume":"14","author":"Kuruvilla","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bayl. Univ. Med. Cent. Proc."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.3415-19","article-title":"A Simple Formula for Predicting the Maintenance Dose of Warfarin with Reference to the Initial Response to Low Dosing at an Outpatient Clinic","volume":"59","author":"Shoji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.18773\/austprescr.2015.016","article-title":"How to manage warfarin therapy","volume":"38","author":"Tirimacco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aust. Prescr."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2018.05.024","article-title":"Heart Failure Severity and Quality of Warfarin Anticoagulation Control (From the WARCEF Trial)","volume":"122","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0809329","article-title":"Estimation of the Warfarin Dose with Clinical and Pharmacogenetic Data","volume":"360","author":"Klein","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.21.2.235.34106","article-title":"Implications of Cytochrome P450 2C9 Polymorphism on Warfarin Metabolism and Dosing","volume":"21","author":"Redman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pharmacother. J. Hum. Pharmacol. Drug Ther."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.13.1690","article-title":"Association Between CYP2C9 Genetic Variants and Anticoagulation-Related Outcomes During Warfarin Therapy","volume":"287","author":"Higashi","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V96.5.1816","article-title":"Influence of cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 polymorphisms on warfarin sensitivity and risk of over-anticoagulation in patients on long-term treatment","volume":"96","author":"Taube","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)04474-2","article-title":"Association of polymorphisms in the cytochrome P450 CYP2C9 with warfarin dose requirement and risk of bleeding complications","volume":"353","author":"Aithal","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"5361","article-title":"Genetic variant in the promoter region of microRNA-137 reduces the warfarin maintenance dose in patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"19","author":"Tian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elgebaly, S.A., Christenson, R.H., Kandil, H., Ibrahim, M., Rizk, H., El-Khazragy, N., Rashed, L., Yacoub, B., Eldeeb, H., and Ali, M.M. (2021). Nourin-Dependent miR-137 and miR-106b: Novel Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis of Myocardial Ischemia in Coronary Artery Disease Patients. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11040703"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.112.000255","article-title":"Post-transcriptional Regulation of \u03b1-1-Antichymotrypsin by MicroRNA-137 in Chronic Heart Failure and Mechanical Support","volume":"6","author":"Lok","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.06.026","article-title":"Could MicroRNA polymorphisms influence warfarin dosing? A pharmacogenetics study on mir133 genes","volume":"136","author":"Ciccacci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2012.00062","article-title":"miR-133a Regulates Vitamin K 2,3-Epoxide Reductase Complex Subunit 1 (VKORC1), a Key Protein in the Vitamin K Cycle","volume":"18","author":"Teruel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9995","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.9995","article-title":"Plasma miRNA profiles associated with stable warfarin dosage in Chinese patients","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1159\/000348563","article-title":"Decreased Expression of miR-133a but Not of miR-1 is Associated with Signs of Heart Failure in Patients Undergoing Coronary Bypass Surgery","volume":"125","author":"Danowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"29","article-title":"Relative Expression of PBMC MicroRNA-133a Analysis in Patients Receiving Warfarin After Mechanical Heart Valve Replacement","volume":"10","author":"Rad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Avicenna J. Med. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canale, P., Nicolini, G., Pitto, L., Kusmic, C., Rizzo, M., Balzan, S., Iervasi, G., and Forini, F. (2022). Role of miR-133\/Dio3 Axis in the T3-Dependent Modulation of Cardiac mitoK-ATP Expression. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23126549"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-019-00775-z","article-title":"Apixaban: A Clinical Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Review","volume":"58","author":"Byon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.108.023143","article-title":"Apixaban Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics after Oral Administration to Humans","volume":"37","author":"Raghavan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1515\/dmpt-2024-0013","article-title":"The impact of ABCB1, CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 gene polymorphisms on apixaban trough concentration and bleeding risk in patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"39","author":"Skripka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Pers. Ther."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1097\/FPC.0000000000000294","article-title":"Impact of ABCB1, ABCG2, and CYP3A5 polymorphisms on plasma trough concentrations of apixaban in Japanese patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"27","author":"Ueshima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharm. Genom."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1161\/HAE.0000000000000078","article-title":"Managing Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association","volume":"14","author":"Gopinathannair","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ. Arrhythmia Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70012","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.70012","article-title":"Apixaban in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, heart failure and low body weight: A report from a global federated research dataset","volume":"55","author":"Monzo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-018-0415-7","article-title":"Direct comparative effectiveness and safety between non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4663","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.15464","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of intracranial events associated with the use of direct oral anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 92 studies","volume":"88","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e190","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1649507","article-title":"Mechanistic Basis for the Differential Effects of Rivaroxaban and Apixaban on Global Tests of Coagulation","volume":"2","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"TH Open"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.21222","article-title":"Association of Rivaroxaban vs Apixaban With Major Ischemic or Hemorrhagic Events in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation","volume":"326","author":"Ray","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"1570","article-title":"FDA Approves Generic Form: Of Rivaroxaban for CAD and PAD","volume":"333","author":"Anderer","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12959-024-00649-w","article-title":"Circulating microRNAs targeting coagulation and fibrinolysis in patients with severe COVID-19","volume":"22","author":"Helin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Thromb. J."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006058","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.119.006058","article-title":"Rivaroxaban Versus Apixaban for Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation","volume":"13","author":"Bonde","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Qual. Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1263","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.1263","article-title":"Genetic variants influenced the risk of bleeding and pharmacodynamics of rivaroxaban in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: A multicentre prospective cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Xiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ra100","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2005262","article-title":"RhoA signaling in cardiomyocytes protects against stress-induced heart failure but facilitates cardiac fibrosis","volume":"7","author":"Lauriol","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00054.2009","article-title":"Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling in the Heart: Angels Versus Demons in a Heart-Breaking Tale","volume":"90","author":"Rose","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-021-00730-w","article-title":"RhoA: A dubious molecule in cardiac pathophysiology","volume":"28","author":"Kilian","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2016.08.018","article-title":"Regulation of cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling through the dual-specificity MAPK phosphatases (DUSPs)","volume":"101","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2024.13332","article-title":"Roles of small GTPases in cardiac hypertrophy (Review)","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp150821","article-title":"Edoxaban: A direct oral anticoagulant","volume":"74","author":"Poulakos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Heal. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-015-0342-7","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Edoxaban, a Non-Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulant that Inhibits Clotting Factor Xa","volume":"55","author":"Parasrampuria","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270009351883","article-title":"Clinical Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of the Novel Factor Xa Inhibitor Edoxaban in Healthy Volunteers","volume":"50","author":"Ogata","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanuri, S.H., and Kreutz, R.P. (2019). Pharmacogenomics of Novel Direct Oral Anticoagulants: Newly Identified Genes and Genetic Variants. J. Pers. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm9010007"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guerrero-Orriach, J.L., Carmona-Luque, M.D., Rodriguez-Capitan, M.J., and Quesada-Mu\u00f1oz, G. (2025). MicroRNA-197-3p Transfection: Variations in Cardiomyocyte Gene Expression with Anaesthetics Drugs in a Model of Hypoxia\/Reperfusion. Pharmaceuticals, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18020146"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00192","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.192","article-title":"miRNA-27b levels are associated with CYP3A activity in vitro and in vivo","volume":"3","author":"Skilving","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.109.027680","article-title":"MicroRNAs Regulate CYP3A4 Expression via Direct and Indirect Targeting","volume":"37","author":"Pan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvab248","article-title":"MicroRNA-27b-3p down-regulates FGF1 and aggravates pathological cardiac remodelling","volume":"118","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2011.132","article-title":"Cardiomyocyte overexpression of miR-27b induces cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction in mice","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s13221-015-0031-1","article-title":"Therapeutic manipulation of angiogenesis with miR-27b","volume":"7","author":"Veliceasa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vasc. Cell"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.14503\/THIJ-16-5955","article-title":"Serum MicroRNA-27b as a Screening Biomarker for Left Ventricular Hypertrophy","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tex. Heart Inst. J."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3367","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13919","article-title":"Serum microRNAs are key predictors of long-term heart failure and cardiovascular death after myocardial infarction","volume":"9","author":"Conde","year":"2022","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1685139","article-title":"The Direct Thrombin Inhibitors Dabigatran and Lepirudin Inhibit GPIb\u03b1-Mediated Platelet Aggregation","volume":"119","author":"Trabold","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9S","DOI":"10.1177\/1076029609343004","article-title":"Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of Dabigatran Etexilate, an Oral Direct Thrombin Inhibitor","volume":"15","author":"Stangier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Appl. Thromb."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-8722-4-53","article-title":"Pharmacological basis and clinical evidence of dabigatran therapy","volume":"4","author":"Redondo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.15642","article-title":"Thrombin in complex with dabigatran can still interact with PAR-1 via exosite-I and instigate loss of vascular integrity","volume":"20","author":"Agten","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wo\u017aniak, E., Broncel, M., Bukowska, B., and Gorzelak-Pabi\u015b, P. (2020). The Protective Effect of Dabigatran and Rivaroxaban on DNA Oxidative Changes in a Model of Vascular Endothelial Damage with Oxidized Cholesterol. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21061953"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118474","article-title":"Influence of dabigatran on pro-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors and chemokines\u2014Slowing the vicious circle of coagulation and inflammation","volume":"262","author":"Paar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D127","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz757","article-title":"miRDB: An online database for prediction of functional microRNA targets","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-025-03102-5","article-title":"Direct oral anticoagulants do not affect miR-27a-3p expression, a regulator of coagulation cascade, in atrial fibrillation patients","volume":"58","author":"Ragia","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Thrombolysis"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2959","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000132482.95686.87","article-title":"Digoxin in the Management of Cardiovascular Disorders","volume":"109","author":"Gheorghiade","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s40256-018-0292-1","article-title":"Clinical Use of Digitalis: A State of the Art Review","volume":"18","author":"Whayne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiovasc. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/4.suppl_A.61","article-title":"The cardiac glycoside-receptor system in the human heart","volume":"4","author":"Erdmann","year":"1983","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35A","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(85)80461-7","article-title":"Digitalis and the autonomic nervous system","volume":"5","author":"Watanabe","year":"1985","journal-title":"JACC"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011473307112","article-title":"Endocardial Stimulation of Efferent Parasympathetic Nerves to the Atrioventricular Node in Humans: Optimal Stimulation Sites and the Effects of Digoxin","volume":"5","author":"Quan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Interv. Card. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-3623(91)90090-S","article-title":"Some substances with proposed digitalis-like effects evaluated on platelet functions sensitive for cardiac glycosides","volume":"22","author":"Andersson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gen. Pharmacol. Vasc. Syst."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2005.01.016","article-title":"Digoxin use is associated with increased platelet and endothelial cell activation in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation","volume":"2","author":"Chirinos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e009509","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.009509","article-title":"Digoxin and Platelet Activation in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: In Vivo and In Vitro Study","volume":"7","author":"Pastori","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006035","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.006035","article-title":"Digoxin Use and Subsequent Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation With or Without Heart Failure in the ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 Trial","volume":"6","author":"Eisen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.11.112","article-title":"Digoxin treatment is associated with increased total and cardiovascular mortality in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"180","author":"Pastori","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61836-5","article-title":"Digoxin use in patients with atrial fibrillation and adverse cardiovascular outcomes: A retrospective analysis of the Rivaroxaban Once Daily Oral Direct Factor Xa Inhibition Compared with Vitamin K Antagonism for Prevention of Stroke and Embolism Trial in Atrial Fibrillation (ROCKET AF)","volume":"385","author":"Washam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gona, S.R., Rosenberg, J., Fyffe-Freil, R.C., Kozakiewicz, J.M., and Money, M.E. (2023). Review: Failure of current digoxin monitoring for toxicity: New monitoring recommendations to maintain therapeutic levels for efficacy. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1179892"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00558334","article-title":"The pharmacokinetics of beta-methyl digoxin compared with digoxin tablets and capsules","volume":"10","author":"Johnson","year":"1976","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-197702010-00001","article-title":"Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Digoxin","volume":"2","author":"Iisalo","year":"1977","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.21.9.778.34558","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Implications of P-glycoprotein Modulation","volume":"21","author":"Matheny","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pharmacother. J. Hum. Pharmacol. Drug Ther."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-198005020-00002","article-title":"Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Digoxin 1980","volume":"5","author":"Aronson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43293-0","article-title":"Small molecule regulators of microRNAs identified by high-throughput screen coupled with high-throughput sequencing","volume":"14","author":"Nguyen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.04.028","article-title":"AntimiR-132 Attenuates Myocardial Hypertrophy in an Animal Model of Percutaneous Aortic Constriction","volume":"77","author":"Hinkel","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, K., Chen, C., Wu, Y., Wu, M., and Lin, L. (2021). Advances in miR-132-Based Biomarker and Therapeutic Potential in the Cardiovascular System. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.751487"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2090","article-title":"The miRNA-212\/132 family regulates both cardiac hypertrophy and cardiomyocyte autophagy","volume":"3","author":"Ucar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14349-2","article-title":"Preclinical development of a miR-132 inhibitor for heart failure treatment","volume":"11","author":"Foinquinos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa791","article-title":"CDR132L improves systolic and diastolic function in a large animal model of chronic heart failure","volume":"42","author":"Batkai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_160","first-page":"178","article-title":"Novel antisense therapy targeting microRNA-132 in patients with heart failure: Results of a first-in-human Phase 1b randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"42","author":"Hauke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.3139","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of CDR132L in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction after myocardial infarction: Rationale and design of the HF-REVERT trial","volume":"26","author":"Bauersachs","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.115.231571","article-title":"Digoxin-Mediated Upregulation of RGS2 Protein Protects against Cardiac Injury","volume":"357","author":"Parra","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57003","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.18504","article-title":"Digoxin-induced anemia among patients with atrial fibrillation and heart failure: Clinical data analysis and drug-gene interaction network","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2670","DOI":"10.1039\/D0QO00269K","article-title":"Towards the synthesis of calotropin and related cardenolides from 3-epiandrosterone: A-ring related modifications","volume":"7","author":"Koch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Org. Chem. Front."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Z., Yao, H., Yao, X., Zheng, R., Yang, Y., Liu, Z., Zhang, R., and Cheng, Y. (2024). Calotropin attenuates ischemic heart failure after myocardial infarction by modulating SIRT1\/FOXD3\/SERCA2a pathway. Biomed. Pharmacother., 179.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.117384"},{"key":"ref_166","first-page":"56","article-title":"Corlanor (Ivabradine), First HCN Channel Blocker, FDA Approved for the Treatment of Patients with Heart Failure","volume":"9","author":"Fala","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am Health Drug Benefits"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1007\/s40256-025-00734-z","article-title":"Disproportionality Analysis of Ivabradine in the US FDA Adverse Event Reporting System: A Real-World Study Across Overall and Indication-Specific Populations","volume":"25","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiovasc. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.08.038","article-title":"The Clinical Use of Ivabradine","volume":"70","author":"Koruth","year":"2017","journal-title":"JACC"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.2147\/VHRM.S90383","article-title":"Advances in the management of heart failure: The role of ivabradine","volume":"ume 12","author":"Werdan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vasc. Heal. Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H845","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01034.2010","article-title":"Ivabradine reduces heart rate while preserving metabolic fluxes and energy status of healthy normoxic working hearts","volume":"300","author":"Lauzier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13966","article-title":"Ivabradine in heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction and history of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation","volume":"9","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.13772","article-title":"Long-term treatment with ivabradine in transgenic atrial fibrillation mice counteracts hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide gated channel overexpression","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.120919","article-title":"Ivabradine treatment lowers blood pressure and promotes cardiac and renal protection in spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"308","author":"Gomes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257283","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/1257283","article-title":"Ivabradine Ameliorates Cardiac Function in Heart Failure with Preserved and Reduced Ejection Fraction via Upregulation of miR-133a","volume":"2021","author":"Shao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-67790-0","article-title":"Silencing miR-370-3p rescues funny current and sinus node function in heart failure","volume":"10","author":"Yanni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_176","first-page":"71","article-title":"Effect of ivabradin and clopidogrel on platelet hemostasis indices in patients with acute coronary syndrome without ST-segment elevation and with concurrent cardiac insufficiency","volume":"3\u20134","author":"Miziuk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Likars\u2019 Ka Sprav."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadu1493","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adu1493","article-title":"Oral delivery of liquid mRNA therapeutics by an engineered capsule for treatment of preclinical intestinal disease","volume":"17","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/15\/10\/1411\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T10:22:10Z","timestamp":1760091730000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/15\/10\/1411"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]},"references-count":177,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["biom15101411"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom15101411","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]}}}