{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T01:32:30Z","timestamp":1783733550079,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation","award":["TCRD-TPE-111-12(1\/2), TCRD-TPE-111-12(2\/2), TCRD-TPE-113-06(1\/2), TCRD-TPE-NCU-113-07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCRD-TPE-111-12(1\/2), TCRD-TPE-111-12(2\/2), TCRD-TPE-113-06(1\/2), TCRD-TPE-NCU-113-07"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006245","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 109-2314-B-303-021-MY2, MOST 111-2314-B-303-002, TCRD-TPE-MOST-111-14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-2314-B-303-021-MY2, MOST 111-2314-B-303-002, TCRD-TPE-MOST-111-14"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The structure and function of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), rather than its concentration, are more important factors in determining HDL activity. HDL particles (HDL-P) are heterogeneous in their composition, size, and antioxidative function. We investigated the levels of HDL subfractions and oxidized high-density lipoprotein (Ox-HDL) and validated their correlation with genetic determinants underlying peripheral artery disease (PAD). We recruited a PAD population stratified by claudication severity (group I) and critical limb ischemia (group II) according to the Rutherford classification. We found that the level of Ox-HDL was significantly increased with Rutherford classification (group II; p = 0.001). Conversely, the levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), HDL-P, and small high-density lipoprotein particles (S-HDL-P) were significantly reduced in group II. Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were differentially associated with HDL particles and Ox-HDL. Briefly, rs117685211 and rs7934858 showed opposing effects, with rs117685211 and rs148877054 being associated with low levels of HDL subfractions; rs148877054 was significantly associated with M and S-HDL-P. Our study indicated the significance of HDL subfractions and Ox-HDL in the pathogenesis of PAD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15101419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T15:05:06Z","timestamp":1759763106000},"page":"1419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of HDL Structure and Function in Peripheral Artery Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1306-1200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Huang","family":"Liao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231016, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Semon","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 111396, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8218-6827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Lin","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231016, Taiwan"},{"name":"The Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231016, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970374, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4140-5699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming-Sheng","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231016, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Life Science, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 111396, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61249-0","article-title":"Comparison of global estimates of prevalence and risk factors for peripheral artery disease in 2000 and 2010: A systematic review and analysis","volume":"382","author":"Fowkes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3S","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2019.02.016","article-title":"Global vascular guidelines on the management of chronic limb-threatening ischemia","volume":"69","author":"Conte","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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