{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T22:32:41Z","timestamp":1788474761592,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The introduction of CFTR modulators has dramatically shifted the clinical management of cystic fibrosis (CF) from a life-limiting pediatric condition to a chronic disease with broader health implications. This review explores the impact of these advancements on lung immunology and the emerging spectrum of health challenges. While these modulators have reduced traditional pulmonary complications by mitigating inflammation and infection, they also introduce new considerations for long-term health management. As patients experience longer lives, issues such as the increased risk of certain cancers and other systemic complications like CF-related diabetes and liver disease are gaining attention. Understanding the interplay between CFTR modulators, immune response, and the development of these conditions is essential for optimizing patient outcomes. This review highlights the importance of integrated care strategies that address both the respiratory improvements and emerging health risks associated with longer life expectancy in CF patients. By fostering a comprehensive approach, we aim to enhance the overall quality of life and address the complex needs of individuals navigating CF in the modern therapeutic landscape.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15101460","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T07:29:38Z","timestamp":1760599778000},"page":"1460","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evolving Cystic Fibrosis Care: Lung Immunology and Emerging Health Challenges in the Era of CFTR Modulators"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4291-0195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe Fabio","family":"Parisi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Respiratory Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, San Marco Hospital, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Papale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Respiratory Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, San Marco Hospital, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3381-9844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Pecora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Respiratory Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, San Marco Hospital, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4879-5418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santiago","family":"Presti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Respiratory Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, San Marco Hospital, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Tosto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Respiratory Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, San Marco Hospital, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9965-9192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enza","family":"Mul\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Respiratory Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, San Marco Hospital, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vittorio","family":"Ornato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Respiratory Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, San Marco Hospital, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donatella","family":"Aloisio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Respiratory Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, San Marco Hospital, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2642-6400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"Leonardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Respiratory Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, San Marco Hospital, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2216474","article-title":"Cystic Fibrosis","volume":"389","author":"Grasemann","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. 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