{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T18:30:14Z","timestamp":1791829814077,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA042348-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA042348-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA050169"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA050169"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21\/R33DA053643"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21\/R33DA053643"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S10OD 036364"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S10OD 036364"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P20GM121301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM121301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U54GM115516"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54GM115516"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1S10OD028508"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1S10OD028508"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"VA Merit Review","award":["BX000207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BX000207"]}]},{"name":"NYMC and Lovelace Biomedical"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Extracellular particles (EPs), an umbrella term encompassing membrane-enclosed extracellular vesicles (EVs) and non-vesicular extracellular particles ([NVEPs], previously described as extracellular condensates [ECs]) contain a complex cargo of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids, reflecting the physiological state of their cell of origin. Identifying proteins associated with EPs that regulate host responses to physiological and pathophysiological processes is of critical importance. Here, we report the findings of our study to gain insight into the proteins associated with NVEPs. We used samples from human semen, the rat brain, and the rhesus macaque (RM) brain and blood to assess the physical properties and proteome profiles of NVEPs from these specimens. The results show significant differences in the zeta potential, concentration, and size of NVEPs across different species. We identified 938, 51, and 509 total proteins from NVEPs isolated from rat brain tissues, RM blood, and human seminal plasma, respectively. The species-specific protein networks show distinct biological themes, while the species-conserved protein interactome was identified with six proteins (ALB, CST3, FIBA\/FGA, GSTP1, PLMN\/PLG, PPIA) associated with NVEPs in all samples. The six NVEP-associated proteins are prone to aggregation and formation of wide, insoluble, unbranched filaments with a cross-beta sheet quaternary structure, such as amyloid fibrils. Protein-to-function analysis indicates that the six identified proteins are linked to the release of dopamine, immune-mediated inflammatory disease, replication of RNA viruses, HIV-HCV co-infection, and inflammation. These interesting findings have created an opportunity to evaluate NVEPs for their potential use as biomarkers of health and disease. Additional in-depth studies are needed to clarify when and how these proteins sustain their physiological role or transition to pathogenic roles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15111487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T01:14:02Z","timestamp":1761182042000},"page":"1487","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Non-Vesicular Extracellular Particle (NVEP) Proteomes from Diverse Biological Sources Reveal Specific Marker Composition with Varying Enrichment Levels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2375-082X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wasifa","family":"Naushad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology Basic Sciences Building, New York Medical College, 15 Dana Road, Rms 327, 328, 328A, Valhalla, NY 10595-1524, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6844-1035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryson C.","family":"Okeoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology Basic Sciences Building, New York Medical College, 15 Dana Road, Rms 327, 328, 328A, Valhalla, NY 10595-1524, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Gartner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MaineHealth Institute for Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulica","family":"Santos-Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MaineHealth Institute for Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Calvin P. H.","family":"Vary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MaineHealth Institute for Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA"},{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lakmini S.","family":"Premadasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227-5302, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8266-9247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio","family":"Noghero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108-5127, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2302-9055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jack T.","family":"Stapleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA"},{"name":"Medical Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Iowa, 604 Highway 6, Iowa City, IA 52246-2208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ionita C.","family":"Ghiran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4360-3277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahesh","family":"Mohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227-5302, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7737-6493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chioma M.","family":"Okeoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology Basic Sciences Building, New York Medical College, 15 Dana Road, Rms 327, 328, 328A, Valhalla, NY 10595-1524, USA"},{"name":"Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108-5127, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12404","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12404","article-title":"Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches","volume":"13","author":"Welsh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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