{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:30:26Z","timestamp":1782865826855,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of ischaemic stroke both as a long-term causal factor and through the inflammatory cascade in acute stroke. Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1\u03b2) is a potent pro-inflammatory molecule, while interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) acts as its antagonist. Free fatty acids (FFAs) play a role in atherosclerosis formation and serve as substrates for inflammatory molecules. This study aimed to determine the potential interplay between FFAs, IL-1\u03b2, and IL-1Ra in stroke patients. A prospective analysis was conducted on 73 ischaemic stroke patients. All participants had their FFA, IL-1\u03b2, and IL-1Ra levels assessed. Significant correlations between IL-1\u03b2 and certain FFAs were detected: C15:0 pentadecanoic acid (rho = 0.488), C15:1 cis-10 pentadecanoic acid (rho = 0.473), C17:1 cis-10 heptadecanoic acid (rho = 0.411), C18:0 stearic acid (rho = 0.302), C24:0 lignoceric acid (rho = \u22120.280), C24:1 nervonic acid (rho = \u22120.276), C18:2n6t linoleic acid (rho = \u22120.272), C17:0 heptadecanoic acid (rho = 0.241), and C13:0 tridecanoic acid (rho = 0.238). After multivariate analysis C15:0 pentadecanoic acid remained statistically significant. The strongest correlation was found between IL-1Ra and fatty acids: C15:1 cis-10-pentadecanoid acid (rho = \u22120.357), C18:2n6t linoleic acid (rho 0.341) and C24:1 nervonic acid (rho 0.302), but after multivariate analysis significantly correlated remained: C22:1n9 13 erucic acid (rho = 0.299), C18:3n6 gamma-linoleic acid (rho = 0.277), with close to significant correlation with C22:4n6 docosatetraenoate (rho = \u22120.241, p = 0.055). Certain FFAs may play a role in enhancing both pro- and anti-inflammatory responses in the early subacute phase of stroke, where inflammatory and resolving processes are ongoing. Fatty acids such as C15:0 pentadecanoic acid, C15:1 cis-10 pentadecanoic acid and C22:4n6 docosatetraenoate might be involved in pro-inflammatory responses, while C22:1n9 13 erucic acid and C18:3n6 gamma-linoleic acid in the anti-inflammatory pathways with the overlay of IL-1\u03b2 and IL-1Ra.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15111537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T13:47:58Z","timestamp":1762177678000},"page":"1537","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Free Fatty Acids Correlate with the Interleukin-1 \u03b2 and Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist in the Early Subacute Phase of Stroke"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3116-9656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"Kotlega","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zielona Gora, 65-417 Zielona Gora, Poland"},{"name":"Northampton General Hospital NHS Trust, University Hospitals of Northamptonshire, Northampton NN1 5BD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5816-2040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arleta","family":"Drozd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Microbiology and Human Nutrition Physiology, Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology, 71-310 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7596-9850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Zembron-Lacny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Warsaw, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5874-1886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Morawin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied and Clinical Physiology, University of Zielona Gora, 65-417 Zielona Gora, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"Ryterska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9808-0624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malgorzata","family":"Szczuko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bromatology and Nutritional Diagnostics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"176","article-title":"Pathogenetic Justification of Statin Use in Ischaemic Stroke Prevention According to Inflammatory Theory in Development of Atherosclerosis","volume":"46","author":"Nowacki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurol. 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