{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:27:51Z","timestamp":1791822471188,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]],"date-time":"2025-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003500","name":"University of Padua","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANDR_BIRD24_01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANDR_BIRD24_01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003500","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Endometriosis (ENDO) and poor ovarian response (POR) represent challenging conditions in assisted reproduction. Both, associated with altered follicular fluid (FF) composition, specifically impact on granulosa cell (GC) function in an incompletely understood way. GCs from male factor (MF, n = 30), ENDO (n = 38), and POR (n = 27) patients were cultured in media supplemented with FF from each group (FF-MF, FF-ENDO, FF-POR). Proliferation, morphology, and secretory activity (cortisol, estradiol, progesterone, IL-6) were assessed. GC proliferation depended primarily on FF origin, being highest with FF-ENDO, intermediate with FF-POR, and lowest with FF-MF. Morphological analysis revealed enrichment of muscle-like and fibroblast-like morphologies under FF-ENDO and FF-POR, suggestive of dysregulated luteinization and extracellular matrix remodeling. Secretory activity reflected a complex interplay between GC origin and FF type: IL-6 was strongly induced by FF-MF and FF-POR but consistently suppressed by FF-ENDO; cortisol and estradiol were generally consumed, while progesterone synthesis was largely confined to MF-GCs, with only variable induction in ENDO-GCs exposed to FF-POR. These findings indicate that pathological FF milieus reprogram GC behavior in distinct ways, with potential consequences for luteal function and oocyte competence. Identifying the molecular mediators of these alterations may guide tailored strategies to improve ART outcomes in ENDO and POR patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15121646","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T10:24:17Z","timestamp":1763979857000},"page":"1646","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Progesterone and IL-6 Expression Are Modulated by Follicular Fluid in Granulosa Cell Cultures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4771-031X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loris","family":"Marin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1526-6832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Sabbadin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5548-9785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia Maria","family":"Radu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thrombotic and Haemorrhagic Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3279-9000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Brun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine DMM, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Frison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine DMM, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4269-4269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Gullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Villa Sofia Cervello Hospital, University of Palermo, 90146 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6433-5155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Decio","family":"Armanini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"Studium Patavinum, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4238-3153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciana","family":"Bordin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0390-6823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenio","family":"Ragazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Studium Patavinum, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Ambrosini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9428-4363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Andrisani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esteves, S.C., Alviggi, C., Humaidan, P., Fischer, R., Andersen, C.Y., Conforti, A., B\u00fchler, K., Sunkara, S.K., Polyzos, N.P., and Galliano, D. 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