{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T17:16:24Z","timestamp":1788023784386,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":180,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82500077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82500077"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82370069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82370069"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Hunan Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025JJ60771"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025JJ60771"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Chinese Medicinal Powder and Innovative Medicinal Jointly Established by the Province and Ministry Foundation","award":["24PTKF1014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24PTKF1014"]}]},{"name":"National Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Chinese Medicinal Powder and Innovative Medicinal Jointly Established by the Province and Ministry Foundation","award":["2024PTKF1010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024PTKF1010"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Graduate Student Research Innovation Project","award":["CX20251163"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX20251163"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive cardiopulmonary disorder characterized by vascular remodeling and right ventricular (RV) failure. Recently, attention to lipid metabolism in PH has revealed multiple mechanisms that drive disease progression, including alterations in energy supply, oxidative stress, inflammatory signaling, and epigenetic regulation. Notably, lipid metabolism in PH exhibits marked spatiotemporal heterogeneity. This creates a therapeutic paradox in which the same metabolic intervention may exert opposing effects depending on tissue type and disease stage. Despite these challenges, targeting lipid metabolism remains an attractive therapeutic strategy. Preclinical and early clinical studies suggest that both small-molecule metabolic modulators and natural compounds hold promise for reversing pulmonary vascular remodeling and improving RV function. This review summarizes current advances in lipid metabolic reprogramming in PH and highlights the challenges of developing tissue- and time-specific interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15121679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T08:49:22Z","timestamp":1764665362000},"page":"1679","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Roles of Lipid Metabolism in Pulmonary Hypertension: Friend or Foe?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China"},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Translational Medicine, Changsha 410208, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Runxiu","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China"},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Translational Medicine, Changsha 410208, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijun","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Translational Medicine, Changsha 410208, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China"},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Translational Medicine, Changsha 410208, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junlan","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Translational Medicine, Changsha 410208, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianya","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Translational Medicine, Changsha 410208, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lan","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Translational Medicine, Changsha 410208, China"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3038-0358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aiguo","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Translational Medicine, Changsha 410208, China"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401324","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01324-2024","article-title":"Definition, Classification and Diagnosis of Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"64","author":"Kovacs","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00030.2021","article-title":"Pathophysiology and Pathogenic Mechanisms of Pulmonary Hypertension: Role of Membrane Receptors, Ion Channels, and Ca2+ Signaling","volume":"103","author":"Balistrieri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.11.030","article-title":"Therapy for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Adults: Update of the CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report","volume":"155","author":"Klinger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.15-0300","article-title":"Five-Year Outcomes of Patients Enrolled in the REVEAL Registry","volume":"148","author":"Farber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2024.5439","article-title":"Glycolysis Modulation: New Therapeutic Strategies to Improve Pulmonary Hypertension (Review)","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Zhang, L., and Zhang, W. (2022). Metabolic Reprogramming: A Novel Metabolic Model for Pulmonary Hypertension. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.957524"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.21345","article-title":"Pulmonary Hypertension Induces Serotonin Hyperreactivity and Metabolic Reprogramming in Coronary Arteries via NOX1\/4-TRPM2 Signaling Pathway","volume":"81","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202407-1345OC","article-title":"Lipid Ratios for Diagnosis and Prognosis of Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"211","author":"Bordag","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37460","DOI":"10.31083\/RCM37460","article-title":"Metabolic Alterations Associated With Right Ventricular Dysfunction in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: The Modulatory Effects and Improvement Mechanisms of Exercise","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2016.12.007","article-title":"From Fat to FAT (CD36\/SR-B2): Understanding the Regulation of Cellular Fatty Acid Uptake","volume":"136","author":"Glatz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R082933","article-title":"Dynamic Role of the Transmembrane Glycoprotein CD36 (SR-B2) in Cellular Fatty Acid Uptake and Utilization","volume":"59","author":"Glatz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9406","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-64110-w","article-title":"Homeostasis of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism during Physiological Responses to a Simulated Hypoxic High Altitude Environment","volume":"16","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e188127","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI188127","article-title":"Nonvesicular Cholesterol Transport in Physiology","volume":"135","author":"Ferrari","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107643","article-title":"Glutamine Deprivation Confers Immunotherapy Resistance by Inhibiting IFN-\u03b3 Signaling in Cancer Cells","volume":"213","author":"Yuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2025.106974","article-title":"Inhibition of Glutaminase 1 Reduces M1 Macrophage Polarization to Protect against Monocrotaline-Induced Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","volume":"272","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Yan, Y., Xu, W.-J., Gong, S.-G., Zhong, X.-J., An, Q.-Y., Zhao, Y.-L., Liu, J.-M., Wang, L., and Yuan, P. (2022). The Role of Glutamine and Glutaminase in Pulmonary Hypertension. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.838657"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durante, W. (2019). The Emerging Role of L-Glutamine in Cardiovascular Health and Disease. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11092092"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.12.009","article-title":"Glucose-Independent Glutamine Metabolism via TCA Cycling for Proliferation and Survival in B Cells","volume":"15","author":"Le","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2021.08.027","article-title":"Lipid Metabolism in Sickness and in Health: Emerging Regulators of Lipotoxicity","volume":"81","author":"Yoon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.05.014","article-title":"Acetyl Coenzyme A: A Central Metabolite and Second Messenger","volume":"21","author":"Pietrocola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geltinger, F., Schartel, L., Wiederstein, M., Tevini, J., Aigner, E., Felder, T.K., and Rinnerthaler, M. (2020). Friend or Foe: Lipid Droplets as Organelles for Protein and Lipid Storage in Cellular Stress Response, Aging and Disease. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25215053"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, J., and Huang, X. (2020). Lipid Metabolism at Membrane Contacts: Dynamics and Functions Beyond Lipid Homeostasis. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.615856"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.02.011","article-title":"Mitochondria Bound to Lipid Droplets: Where Mitochondrial Dynamics Regulate Lipid Storage and Utilization","volume":"29","author":"Benador","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2022.09.023","article-title":"The Role of Lipids in Cancer Progression and Metastasis","volume":"34","author":"Bigas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, L., Goncharov, D.A., Shen, Y., Lin, D., Chang, B., Pena, A., DeLisser, H., Goncharova, E.A., and Kudryashova, T.V. (2022). Akt-Dependent Glycolysis-Driven Lipogenesis Supports Proliferation and Survival of Human Pulmonary Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells in Pulmonary Hypertension. Front. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.886868"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eado7824","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.ado7824","article-title":"ATP Citrate Lyase Drives Vascular Remodeling in Systemic and Pulmonary Vascular Diseases through Metabolic and Epigenetic Changes","volume":"16","author":"Grobs","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e140785","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.140785","article-title":"Neonatal Hyperoxia Inhibits Proliferation and Survival of Atrial Cardiomyocytes by Suppressing Fatty Acid Synthesis","volume":"6","author":"Cohen","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13495","article-title":"Inhibition of Fatty Acid Synthase Is Protective in Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"173","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2017.09.042","article-title":"Fatty Acid Synthase Modulates Proliferation, Metabolic Functions and Angiogenesis in Hypoxic Pulmonary Artery Endothelial Cells","volume":"815","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9990794","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9990794","article-title":"The Emerging Role of Fatty Acid Synthase in Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Hypertensive Mouse Energy Metabolism","volume":"2021","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-024-00975-9","article-title":"PI3K P85\u03b1\/HIF-1\u03b1 Accelerates the Development of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension by Regulating Fatty Acid Uptake and Mitophagy","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2024.119066","article-title":"De Novo Lipid Synthesis in Cardiovascular Tissue and Disease","volume":"400","author":"Khan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110239","article-title":"SREBF1 Facilitates Pathological Retinal Neovascularization by Reprogramming the Fatty Acid Metabolism of Endothelial Cells","volume":"252","author":"Zuo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2014.11.003","article-title":"Metabolic Reprogramming of the Heart through Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase","volume":"57","author":"Dobrzyn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.18388\/pb.2018_130","article-title":"The Role of Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase in the Regulation of Cardiac Metabolism","volume":"64","author":"Tabaczar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Postep. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gan, A.-M., Tracz-Gaszewska, Z., Ellert-Miklaszewska, A., Navrulin, V.O., Ntambi, J.M., and Dobrzyn, P. (2022). Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase Regulates Angiogenesis and Energy Metabolism in Ischemic Cardiomyocytes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810459"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abd Alla, J., Jamous, Y.F., and Quitterer, U. (2021). Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase (SCD) Induces Cardiac Dysfunction with Cardiac Lipid Overload and Angiotensin II AT1 Receptor Protein Up-Regulation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22189883"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E357","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00471.2007","article-title":"Loss of Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase 1 Inhibits Fatty Acid Oxidation and Increases Glucose Utilization in the Heart","volume":"294","author":"Dobrzyn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2024.04.009","article-title":"Viewing Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Pathogenesis and Opportunities for Disease-Modifying Therapy Through the Lens of Biomass","volume":"9","author":"Steinhauser","year":"2024","journal-title":"JACC Basic Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.01.004","article-title":"The Metabolic Basis of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","volume":"19","author":"Sutendra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bassareo, P.P., and D\u2019Alto, M. (2023). Metabolomics in Pulmonary Hypertension-A Useful Tool to Provide Insights into the Dark Side of a Tricky Pathology. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713227"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H613","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00220.2020","article-title":"Metabolism of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Vascular Diseases","volume":"319","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-020518-114731","article-title":"Metabolic Pathways Fueling the Endothelial Cell Drive","volume":"81","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23868","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202400585RRR","article-title":"CircNAP1L4 Regulates Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation via the NAP1L4-Mediated Super-Enhancer-Driven Glycolysis Gene Hexokinase II (HK II) in Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11954","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.202898","article-title":"Influence of Atorvastatin on Metabolic Pattern of Rats with Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"13","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029930","article-title":"NMDA-Type Glutamate Receptor Activation Promotes Vascular Remodeling and Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","volume":"137","author":"Dumas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, S., Lin, S., Liu, W., Lin, Q., Yang, Y., Qiu, Q., Zong, Y., Xiao, T., Hou, C., and Xie, L. (2023). Serum Metabolomic Profile in Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension Mice after C75 Treatment. Front. Biosci., 28.","DOI":"10.31083\/j.fbl2810251"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1086\/690236","article-title":"Dysfunctional BMPR2 Signaling Drives an Abnormal Endothelial Requirement for Glutamine in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","volume":"7","author":"Egnatchik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pulm. Circ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-032122-030352","article-title":"Fatty Acid Transport and Signaling: Mechanisms and Physiological Implications","volume":"85","author":"Samovski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70134","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70134","article-title":"Pulmonary Hypertension: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Studies","volume":"6","author":"You","year":"2025","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, Y., Zhao, H., Kalionis, B., Huai, X., Hu, X., Wu, W., Jiang, R., Gong, S., Wang, L., and Liu, J. (2023). The Impact of Abnormal Lipid Metabolism on the Occurrence Risk of Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241814280"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201507-1444OC","article-title":"Mechanisms of Lipid Accumulation in the Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor Type 2 Mutant Right Ventricle","volume":"194","author":"Talati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7130","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27460-9","article-title":"Free Fatty-Acid Transport via CD36 Drives \u03b2-Oxidation-Mediated Hematopoietic Stem Cell Response to Infection","volume":"12","author":"Mistry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2021.0157","article-title":"Inhibition of Fatty Acid Translocase (FAT\/CD36) Palmitoylation Enhances Hepatic Fatty Acid \u03b2-Oxidation by Increasing Its Localization to Mitochondria and Interaction with Long-Chain Acyl-CoA Synthetase 1","volume":"36","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papathanasiou, A.E., Spyropoulos, F., Michael, Z., Joung, K.E., Briana, D.D., Malamitsi-Puchner, A., Mantzoros, C.S., and Christou, H. (2021). Adipokines and Metabolic Regulators in Human and Experimental Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031435"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1086\/681227","article-title":"Fatty Acid Metabolism in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Role in Right Ventricular Dysfunction and Hypertrophy","volume":"5","author":"Talati","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pulm. Circ."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.019351","article-title":"Fatty Acid Metabolic Defects and Right Ventricular Lipotoxicity in Human Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","volume":"133","author":"Brittain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mansoor, M., and Ibrahim, A.F. (2025). Emerging Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Strategies for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: A Focus on Right Ventricular Dysfunction and Novel Treatment Pathways. Biomedicines, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202502.0441.v1"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2012.08.014","article-title":"Metabolic Signatures Uncover Distinct Targets in Molecular Subsets of Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma","volume":"22","author":"Caro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L429","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00555.2018","article-title":"BMPR2 Dysfunction Impairs Insulin Signaling and Glucose Homeostasis in Cardiomyocytes","volume":"318","author":"Hemnes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kazmirczak, F., Vogel, N.T., Prisco, S.Z., Patterson, M.T., Annis, J., Moon, R.T., Hartweck, L.M., Mendelson, J.B., Kim, M., and Mancipe, N.C. (2024). Ferroptosis Integrates Mitochondrial Derangements and Pathological Inflammation to Promote Pulmonary Hypertension. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.01.19.524721"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-013-1064-7","article-title":"Cardiac Glutaminolysis: A Maladaptive Cancer Metabolism Pathway in the Right Ventricle in Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"91","author":"Piao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2010-0412OC","article-title":"Molecular Signature of a Right Heart Failure Program in Chronic Severe Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"45","author":"Drake","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-009-0524-6","article-title":"The Inhibition of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase Improves Impaired Cardiac Function and Electrical Remodeling in Two Models of Right Ventricular Hypertrophy: Resuscitating the Hibernating Right Ventricle","volume":"88","author":"Piao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-013-1059-4","article-title":"A Metabolic Remodeling in Right Ventricular Hypertrophy Is Associated with Decreased Angiogenesis and a Transition from a Compensated to a Decompensated State in Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"91","author":"Sutendra","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.303910","article-title":"A miR-208-Mef2 Axis Drives the Decompensation of Right Ventricular Function in Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"116","author":"Paulin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70355","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202402842R","article-title":"Dysregulated Fatty Acid Metabolism in Pericardiac Adipose Tissue of Pulmonary Hypertension Due to Left Heart Disease Mice","volume":"39","author":"Qiu","year":"2025","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jev136","article-title":"Shifts in Myocardial Fatty Acid and Glucose Metabolism in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: A Potential Mechanism for a Maladaptive Right Ventricular Response","volume":"17","author":"Ohira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"1676","article-title":"Impaired Regional Fatty Acid Uptake and Systolic Dysfunction in Hypertrophied Right Ventricle","volume":"39","author":"Nagaya","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201504-236LE","article-title":"Increased Right Ventricular Fatty Acid Accumulation in Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"12","author":"Sakao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2024.12.019","article-title":"Melatonin Induces Fiber Switching by Improvement of Mitochondrial Oxidative Capacity and Function via NRF2\/RCAN\/MEF2 in the Vastus Lateralis Muscle from Both Sex Z\u00fccker Diabetic Fatty Rats","volume":"227","author":"Salagre","year":"2025","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12395","article-title":"Exercise Increases the Binding of MEF2A to the Cpt1b Promoter in Mouse Skeletal Muscle","volume":"212","author":"Yuan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banerjee, S., Hong, J., and Umar, S. (2022). Comparative Analysis of Right Ventricular Metabolic Reprogramming in Pre-Clinical Rat Models of Severe Pulmonary Hypertension-Induced Right Ventricular Failure. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.935423"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2023.09.020","article-title":"Multi-Omic and Multispecies Analysis of Right Ventricular Dysfunction","volume":"43","author":"Mendelson","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1038\/s44161-023-00338-3","article-title":"Transcriptional Profiling Unveils Molecular Subgroups of Adaptive and Maladaptive Right Ventricular Remodeling in Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"2","author":"Khassafi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2339","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.534594","article-title":"Decreased Contractile and Metabolic Reserve in Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Alpha-Null Hearts Can Be Rescued by Increasing Glucose Transport and Utilization","volume":"112","author":"Luptak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372854","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/372854","article-title":"Cardiomyocyte-Restricted Deletion of PPAR\u03b2\/\u03b4 in PPAR\u03b1-Null Mice Causes Impaired Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Defense, but No Further Depression of Myocardial Fatty Acid Oxidation","volume":"2011","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"PPAR Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaao0303","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aao0303","article-title":"PPAR\u03b3 Agonist Pioglitazone Reverses Pulmonary Hypertension and Prevents Right Heart Failure via Fatty Acid Oxidation","volume":"10","author":"Legchenko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tao, B., Kumar, S., Gomez-Arroyo, J., Fan, C., Zhang, A., Skinner, J., Hunter, E., Yamaji-Kegan, K., Samad, I., and Hillel, A.T. (2021). Resistin-Like Molecule \u03b1 Dysregulates Cardiac Bioenergetics in Neonatal Rat Cardiomyocytes. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.574708"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201306-1086OC","article-title":"Evidence for Right Ventricular Lipotoxicity in Heritable Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","volume":"189","author":"Hemnes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L435","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00169.2015","article-title":"Severe Pulmonary Hypertension Is Associated with Altered Right Ventricle Metabolic Substrate Uptake","volume":"309","author":"Graham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2020.07.011","article-title":"Treatment Targets for Right Ventricular Dysfunction in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","volume":"5","author":"Prisco","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Basic Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12107","DOI":"10.1002\/pul2.12107","article-title":"L-Carnitine Therapy Improves Right Heart Dysfunction through Cpt1-Dependent Fatty Acid Oxidation","volume":"12","author":"Agrawal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pulm. Circ."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2024.107399","article-title":"Fluorinated Perhexiline Derivative Attenuates Vascular Proliferation in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Smooth Muscle Cells","volume":"156","author":"Griffiths","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-018-3480-z","article-title":"CPT1 Regulates the Proliferation of Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells through the AMPK-P53-P21 Pathway in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","volume":"455","author":"Zhuang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44ra58","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3001327","article-title":"Fatty Acid Oxidation and Malonyl-CoA Decarboxylase in the Vascular Remodeling of Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"2","author":"Sutendra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L355","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00039.2022","article-title":"Contribution of Fatty Acid Oxidation to the Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"323","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(63)91500-9","article-title":"The Glucose Fatty-Acid Cycle. Its Role in Insulin Sensitivity and the Metabolic Disturbances of Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"1","author":"Randle","year":"1963","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-011-0804-9","article-title":"Therapeutic Inhibition of Fatty Acid Oxidation in Right Ventricular Hypertrophy: Exploiting Randle\u2019s Cycle","volume":"90","author":"Fang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2020.10.006","article-title":"Ranolazine Improves Right Ventricular Function in Patients With Precapillary Pulmonary Hypertension: Results From a Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"27","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yanagisawa, A., Kim, J.-D., Naito, A., Kobayashi, T., Misawa, T., Sakao, S., Jujo-Sanada, T., Kawasaki, T., Muroi, S., and Sasaki, S.-I. (2024). Deciphering the Inhibitory Effects of Trimetazidine on Pulmonary Hypertension Development via Decreasing Fatty Acid Oxidation and Promoting Glucose Oxidation. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-76100-x"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2017.07.018","article-title":"Inhibition of Mitochondrial Fission Prevents Hypoxia-Induced Metabolic Shift and Cellular Proliferation of Pulmonary Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells","volume":"1863","author":"Parra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jamil, M., and Cowart, L.A. (2023). Sphingolipids in Mitochondria\u2014From Function to Disease. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1302472"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gluschke, H., Siegert, E., Minich, W.B., Hackler, J., Riemekasten, G., Kuebler, W.M., Simmons, S., and Schomburg, L. (2022). Autoimmunity to Sphingosine-1-Phosphate-Receptors in Systemic Sclerosis and Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.935787"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2016.09.008","article-title":"Targeting Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Signaling in Lung Diseases","volume":"168","author":"Ebenezer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.06.160","article-title":"S1P Induces Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation by Activating Calcineurin\/NFAT\/OPN Signaling Pathway","volume":"516","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201401-0121OC","article-title":"The Sphingosine Kinase 1\/Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Pathway in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","volume":"190","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ranasinghe, A.D.C.U., Lee, D.D., and Schwarz, M.A. (2020). Mechanistic Regulation of SPHK1 Expression and Translocation by EMAP II in Pulmonary Smooth Muscle Cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA-Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids, 1865.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2020.158789"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Lockett, A., Zhao, S., Huang, L.S., Wang, Y., Wu, W., Tang, M., Haider, S., Velez Rendon, D., and Khan, R. (2022). Sphingosine Kinase 1 Deficiency in Smooth Muscle Cells Protects against Hypoxia-Mediated Pulmonary Hypertension via YAP1 Signaling. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232314516"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4694","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.30193","article-title":"Activation of Yes-Associated Protein Mediates Sphingosine-1-Phosphate-Induced Proliferation and Migration of Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells and Its Potential Mechanisms","volume":"236","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C449","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00277.2018","article-title":"A Distinct Transcriptional Profile in Response to Endothelial Monocyte Activating Polypeptide II Is Partially Mediated by JAK-STAT3 in Murine Macrophages","volume":"317","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2016.05.024","article-title":"Role of JAK-STAT Pathway in Reducing Cardiomyocytes Hypoxia\/Reoxygenation Injury Induced by S1P Postconditioning","volume":"784","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Q., Zhou, C., Zhao, K., Duan, Y., Yue, J., Liu, X., Wu, J., and Deng, S. (2022). Lymphatic Endothelial Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor 1 Enhances Macrophage Clearance via Lymphatic System Following Myocardial Infarction. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.872102"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammed, S., and Harikumar, K.B. (2017). Sphingosine 1-Phosphate: A Novel Target for Lung Disorders. Front. Immunol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00296"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173302","article-title":"Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Promotes Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells Proliferation by Stimulating Autophagy-Mediated E-Cadherin\/CDH1 down-Regulation","volume":"884","author":"Zhai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1086\/687766","article-title":"Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Is Involved in the Occlusive Arteriopathy of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","volume":"6","author":"Gairhe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pulm. Circ."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitra, A., Yi, D., Dai, Z., and de Jesus Perez, V. (2024). Unraveling the Role of HIF and Epigenetic Regulation in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Implications for Clinical Research and Its Therapeutic Approach. Front. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1460376"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ranasinghe, A.D.C.U., and Schwarz, M.A. (2022). Integrating Epigenetics and Metabolomics to Advance Treatments for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Biochem. Pharmacol., 204.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2022.115245"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2024-0145PS","article-title":"Deciphering the Complexities of Pulmonary Hypertension: The Emergent Role of Single-Cell Omics","volume":"72","author":"Rafikov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.123.322740","article-title":"Altered Smooth Muscle Cell Histone Acetylome by the SPHK2\/S1P Axis Promotes Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"133","author":"Ranasinghe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ranasinghe, A.D.C.U., Tennakoon, T.M.P.B., and Schwarz, M.A. (2024). Emerging Epigenetic Targets and Their Molecular Impact on Vascular Remodeling in Pulmonary Hypertension. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202401.0311.v1"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, P., Huang, H., Xie, M., Liu, Z., Jiang, L., Shi, H., Wu, X., Hao, S., and Li, S. (2025). Single-Cell Characterization of the Immune Heterogeneity of Pulmonary Hypertension Identifies Novel Targets for Immunotherapy. BMC Immunol., 26.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-025-00684-w"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.008750","article-title":"Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"131","author":"Ranchoux","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2019.06.021","article-title":"Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Targets for Chronic Pulmonary and Vascular Diseases","volume":"168","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-3261fje","article-title":"Initial Apoptosis Is Followed by Increased Proliferation of Apoptosis-Resistant Endothelial Cells","volume":"19","author":"Sakao","year":"2005","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, B., Yi, D., Li, S., Ramirez, K., Xia, X., Cao, Y., Zhao, H., Tripathi, A., Qiu, S., and Kala, M. (2024). Single-Cell and Spatial Transcriptomics Identified Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins Controlling Endothelial Glycolytic and Arterial Programming in Pulmonary Hypertension. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.02.11.579846"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L252","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00199.2023","article-title":"Fatty Acid Metabolism Promotes TRPV4 Activity in Lung Microvascular Endothelial Cells in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","volume":"326","author":"Philip","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.4103\/2045-8932.97606","article-title":"Metabolomic Analysis of Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor Type 2 Mutations in Human Pulmonary Endothelium Reveals Widespread Metabolic Reprogramming","volume":"2","author":"Fessel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pulm. Circ."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hernandez-Saavedra, D., Sanders, L., Freeman, S., Reisz, J.A., Lee, M.H., Mickael, C., Kumar, R., Kassa, B., Gu, S., and Alessandro, A.D. (2020). Stable Isotope Metabolomics of Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle and Endothelial Cells in Pulmonary Hypertension and with TGF-Beta Treatment. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-57200-5"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2018.01.010","article-title":"A Metabolic Basis for Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition","volume":"69","author":"Xiong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202209-1761OC","article-title":"Single-Cell Imaging Maps Inflammatory Cell Subsets to Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Vasculopathy","volume":"209","author":"Ferrian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaf146","article-title":"Mapping Disease-Specific Vascular Cell Populations Responsible for Obliterative Arterial Remodelling during the Development of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","volume":"121","author":"Cober","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2023.103559","article-title":"Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Switching: A Key Event in the Early Stage of Pulmonary Artery Hypertension","volume":"28","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004014","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.004014","article-title":"Elongation of Long-Chain Fatty Acid Family Member 6 (Elovl6)-Driven Fatty Acid Metabolism Regulates Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotype Through AMP-Activated Protein Kinase\/Kr\u00fcppel-Like Factor 4 (AMPK\/KLF4) Signaling","volume":"5","author":"Sunaga","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1002\/path.6052","article-title":"Glycolysis and de Novo Fatty Acid Synthesis Cooperatively Regulate Pathological Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Switching and Neointimal Hyperplasia","volume":"259","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.314655","article-title":"Single Mutation in the NFU1 Gene Metabolically Reprograms Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells","volume":"41","author":"James","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viola, A., Munari, F., S\u00e1nchez-Rodr\u00edguez, R., Scolaro, T., and Castegna, A. (2019). The Metabolic Signature of Macrophage Responses. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01462"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.123.324138","article-title":"Ferroptosis-Mediated Inflammation Promotes Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"135","author":"Kazmirczak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_129","first-page":"296","article-title":"Lipid Synthesis in Macrophages during Inflammation in Vivo: Effect of Agonists of Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors Alpha and Gamma and of Retinoid X Receptors","volume":"73","author":"Posokhova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.02.005","article-title":"Network Integration of Parallel Metabolic and Transcriptional Data Reveals Metabolic Modules That Regulate Macrophage Polarization","volume":"42","author":"Jha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05894","article-title":"Macrophage-Specific PPARgamma Controls Alternative Activation and Improves Insulin Resistance","volume":"447","author":"Odegaard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, H., Zhang, Y., Li, Z., Jiang, P., Guo, S., He, Y., and Guo, Y. (2021). Donepezil Ameliorates Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension by Inhibiting M2-Macrophage Activation. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.639541"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701214","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01214-2017","article-title":"The Inflammatory Cell Landscape in the Lungs of Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","volume":"51","author":"Marsh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2019.111569","article-title":"Involvement of Fatty Acid Synthase in Right Ventricle Dysfunction in Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"383","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e018349","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.018349","article-title":"Mechanistic Phase II Clinical Trial of Metformin in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","volume":"9","author":"Brittain","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2017.08.001","article-title":"Cardiac Metabolism\u2014A Promising Therapeutic Target for Heart Failure","volume":"182","author":"Noordali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.59556\/japi.72.0704","article-title":"Stable Angina Pectoris: A Review of Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Its Management","volume":"72","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Physicians India"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-018-1664-3","article-title":"Trimetazidine Protects against Myocardial Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injury by Inhibiting Excessive Autophagy","volume":"96","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz425","article-title":"2019 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Coronary Syndromes","volume":"41","author":"Knuuti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shu, H., Peng, Y., Hang, W., Zhou, N., and Wang, D.W. (2020). Trimetazidine in Heart Failure. Front. Pharmacol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.569132"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verdejo, H.E., Rojas, A., L\u00f3pez-Crisosto, C., Baraona, F., Gabrielli, L., Maracaja-Coutinho, V., Chiong, M., Lavandero, S., and Castro, P.F. (2023). Effects of Trimetazidine on Right Ventricular Function and Ventricular Remodeling in Patients with Pulmonary Artery Hypertension: A Randomised Controlled Trial. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12041571"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvu188","article-title":"Ranolazine Prevents INaL Enhancement and Blunts Myocardial Remodelling in a Model of Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"104","author":"Rocchetti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.13845","article-title":"Ranolazine Exerts Atrial Antiarrhythmic Effects in a Rat Model of Monocrotaline-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"132","year":"2023","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1086\/682427","article-title":"Effects of Ranolazine on Exercise Capacity, Right Ventricular Indices, and Hemodynamic Characteristics in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: A Pilot Study","volume":"5","author":"Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pulm. Circ."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1086\/683813","article-title":"Phase I Safety Study of Ranolazine in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","volume":"5","author":"Schilz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pulm. Circ."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000736","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2017-000736","article-title":"Rationale and Design of the Ranolazine PH-RV Study: A Multicentred Randomised and Placebo-Controlled Study of Ranolazine to Improve RV Function in Patients with Non-Group 2 Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"5","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Heart"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.119.315088","article-title":"LRP1 Deficiency in Vascular SMC Leads to Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension That Is Reversed by PPAR\u03b3 Activation","volume":"124","author":"Calvier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.03.011","article-title":"PPAR\u03b3 Links BMP2 and TGF\u03b21 Pathways in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells, Regulating Cell Proliferation and Glucose Metabolism","volume":"25","author":"Calvier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70174","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70174","article-title":"Oral Administration of Pioglitazone Inhibits Pulmonary Hypertension by Regulating the Gut Microbiome and Plasma Metabolome in Male Rats","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_150","first-page":"143","article-title":"Activation of the Metabolic Master Regulator PPAR\u03b3: A Potential PIOneering Therapy for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","volume":"62","author":"Hansmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202504-0944ED","article-title":"From Blood to Vessel: Lipid Ratios in Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"211","author":"Harbaum","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15016","article-title":"Current and Future Treatments of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","volume":"178","author":"Sommer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2024.101732","article-title":"Lipolysis Engages CD36 to Promote ZBP1-Mediated Necroptosis-Impairing Lung Regeneration in COPD","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20791","article-title":"Targeting Metastasis-Initiating Cells through the Fatty Acid Receptor CD36","volume":"541","author":"Pascual","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, R., Song, P., Tang, G., Wei, J., Rao, L., Ma, L., Jiang, M., Huang, J., Xu, Q., and Wu, J. (2021). Osthole Attenuates Macrophage Activation in Experimental Asthma by Inhibitingthe NF-\u0138B\/MIF Signaling Pathway. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.572463"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2015.08.008","article-title":"Osthol Attenuates Neutrophilic Oxidative Stress and Hemorrhagic Shock-Induced Lung Injury via Inhibition of Phosphodiesterase 4","volume":"89","author":"Tsai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaax0273","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aax0273","article-title":"Airway Relaxation Mechanisms and Structural Basis of Osthole for Improving Lung Function in Asthma","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yue, Y., Li, Y.-Q., Fu, S., Wu, Y.-T., Zhu, L., Hua, L., Lv, J.-Y., Li, Y.-L., and Yang, D.-L. (2020). Osthole Inhibits Cell Proliferation by Regulating the TGF-\u03921\/Smad\/P38 Signaling Pathways in Pulmonary Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells. Biomed. Pharmacother., 121.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.109640"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1093\/jpp\/rgab068","article-title":"Osthole Improves Pulmonary Artery Hypertension by Inducing Apoptosis in Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells","volume":"73","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153840","article-title":"Osthole Alleviates Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling by Modulating microRNA-22-3p Mediated Lipid Metabolic Reprogramming","volume":"96","author":"Niu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_161","first-page":"308","article-title":"Osthole Attenuates Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension by the Regulation of Sphingosine 1-Phosphate in Rats","volume":"18","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2022.154240","article-title":"Rhodiola Crenulate Alleviates Hypobaric Hypoxia-Induced Brain Injury via Adjusting NF-\u03baB\/NLRP3-Mediated Inflammation","volume":"103","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2018.12.042","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effects of a Rhodiola Crenulata Extract on Amyloid-\u03b2 Peptides (A\u03b21-42) -Induced Cognitive Deficits in Rat Models of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"57","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.4900","article-title":"Rhodiola-Water Extract Induces \u03b2-Endorphin Secretion to Lower Blood Pressure in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats","volume":"27","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.156206","article-title":"Salidroside Ameliorates Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension by Regulating the Two-Pore Domain Potassium TASK-1 Channel","volume":"135","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, C., Jin, Y., Yao, L., Liu, L., Li, J., Li, H., Lai, Y., Chen, Z., Pan, Z., and Han, T. (2020). Rhodiola Crenulata Root Extract Ameliorates Fructose-Induced Hepatic Steatosis in Rats: Association with Activating Autophagy. Biomed. Pharmacother., 125.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.109836"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2015.01.016","article-title":"Rhodiola Crenulata Extract Suppresses Hepatic Gluconeogenesis via Activation of the AMPK Pathway","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_168","first-page":"120","article-title":"Rhodiola Crenulata Extract Decreases Fatty Acid Oxidation and Autophagy to Ameliorate Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension by Targeting Inhibiton of Acylcarnitine in Rats","volume":"19","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadn7277","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adn7277","article-title":"Lysosomal Dysfunction and Inflammatory Sterol Metabolism in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","volume":"387","author":"Harvey","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.004136","article-title":"Heterogeneity in Lung (18)FDG Uptake in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Potential of Dynamic (18)FDG Positron Emission Tomography with Kinetic Analysis as a Bridging Biomarker for Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling Targeted Treatments","volume":"128","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201206-029OC","article-title":"Fasting 2-Deoxy-2-[18F]Fluoro-d-Glucose Positron Emission Tomography to Detect Metabolic Changes in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Hearts over 1 Year","volume":"10","author":"Lundgrin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_172","first-page":"55","article-title":"An Evaluation of Myocardial Fatty Acid and Glucose Uptake Using PET with [18F]Fluoro-6-Thia-Heptadecanoic Acid and [18F]FDG in Patients with Congestive Heart Failure","volume":"42","author":"Taylor","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eado6467","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.ado6467","article-title":"Atherosclerotic Disease Activity Is Associated with Glycolytic Enzyme Expression across Multiple Cell Types and Is Trackable by FDG-PET","volume":"17","author":"Nogales","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201108-1562OC","article-title":"Lung 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography for Diagnosis and Monitoring of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","volume":"185","author":"Marsboom","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, S., Wang, W., Che, W., Xu, Y., Jin, C., Dong, L., and Xia, Q. (2025). Nanomedicines Targeting Metabolic Pathways in the Tumor Microenvironment: Future Perspectives and the Role of AI. Metabolites, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15030201"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2022.12.002","article-title":"Alleviating Experimental Pulmonary Hypertension via Co-Delivering FoxO1 Stimulus and Apoptosis Activator to Hyperproliferating Pulmonary Arteries","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_177","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fluorinated Amphiphilic Poly(\u03b2-Amino Ester) Nanoparticle for Highly Efficient and Specific Delivery of Nucleic Acids to the Lung Capillary Endothelium","volume":"31","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvae011","article-title":"Endothelium-Specific SIRT7 Targeting Ameliorates Pulmonary Hypertension through Kr\u00fcpple-like Factor 4 Deacetylation","volume":"120","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaf093","article-title":"Ceramides in Cardiovascular Disease: Emerging Role as Independent Risk Predictors and Novel Therapeutic Targets","volume":"121","author":"Klingenberg","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dan-Zeng, Z.-G., Bai-Ma, Y.-J., Huang, J., Suo-Lang, W.-J., Ge-Sang, Q.-Z., Suo-Na, Y.-Z., Wang, Y.-S., Baima, Z.-G., and Ge-Sang, L.-B. (2025). Integrative Proteomics and Metabolomics Reveal Important Pathways and Potential Biomarkers in High-Altitude Pulmonary Hypertension. Sci. Rep., 15.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-09477-y"}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/15\/12\/1679\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T09:24:12Z","timestamp":1764667452000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/15\/12\/1679"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"references-count":180,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["biom15121679"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom15121679","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]}}}