{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T17:19:44Z","timestamp":1793121584849,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":288,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI22\/00025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI22\/00025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities through the programme \u201cConsolidaci\u00f3n Investigadora 2024\u201d","award":["CNS2024-154855"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNS2024-154855"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Proteoglycans (PGs) are highly glycosylated proteins of great importance both structurally and for signalling in the extracellular matrix (ECM) as well as cell surfaces. In breast cancer (BC), they control the structure of tissue architecture, cellular communication pathways and tumour\u2013stroma interactions, thus affecting adhesion, migration, angiogenesis, immune evasion, and metastasis. Their structural heterogeneity supports either subtype- or context-dependent functions. This review combines current studies of PGs in BC according to their classification into intracellular, cell-surface, pericellular, extracellular, and small leucine-rich PGs and a range of non-classical PGs. A literature-driven approach to focus on molecular mechanisms and clinical correlations will demonstrate how PGs respond with collagens, growth factors, cytokines, and proteolytic enzymes in order to modulate the ECM and affect therapy resistance. Indeed, PGs including syndecans, glypicans, perlecan, versican, biglycan and decorin showed the potential to be promoters or suppressors of cancer, with local effects on invasion, and have a significant modulating effect on BC subtypes or the prognosis and therapeutic response and may potentially serve as new biomarkers for stratification and liquid biopsy candidates. Furthermore, PGs appear to modulate the tumour immune landscape, are involved in the development of metastatic niches, and underlie signalling pathways like Wnt or TGF\u03b2 in a subtype-dependent manner, extending their translational prospects and therapeutic utility. PGs, taken together, seem to be major modulators of BC, with particular relevance for precision medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15121688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T10:34:01Z","timestamp":1764758041000},"page":"1688","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Proteoglycans in Breast Cancer: Friends and Foes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7205-4652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noelia","family":"Vigo-D\u00edaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Inorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Campus Terra, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rub\u00e9n","family":"L\u00f3pez-Cort\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti (HULA), Servizo Galego de Sa\u00fade (SERGAS), 27003 Lugo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1740-1834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Velo-Heleno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4071-3967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Campus Terra, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Campus Terra, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berdiaki, A., Neagu, M., Tzanakakis, P., Spyridaki, I., P\u00e9rez, S., and Nikitovic, D. 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