{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T18:36:03Z","timestamp":1790015763381,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tordylium trachycarpum Boiss. (Apiaceae) has long been used by traditional healers in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq to alleviate gastrointestinal disorders and oral inflammation; however, its phytochemical composition and pharmacological properties remain scientifically unverified. In this study, we report the first phytochemical profiling and plant-assisted synthesis of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) using the methanolic extract of T. trachycarpum as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV\u2013Vis spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) analyses, confirming their nanoscale formation, crystallinity, and elemental composition. Gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC\u2013MS) identified 22 bioactive metabolites, with methoxsalen (30.91%), triphenylphosphine oxide (12.54%), desulphosinigrin (10.79%), isopimpinellin (6.72%), and \u03b1-glyceryl linolenate (6.39%) as the predominant constituents. Both the crude extract and the biosynthesized CuNPs were evaluated for their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibitory activities. The CuNPs displayed enhanced antimicrobial potency, with MIC values of 250 \u00b5g\/mL against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Candida albicans, and 500 \u00b5g\/mL against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus epidermidis. They also exhibited superior antioxidant activity in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), and metal chelating activity (MCA) assays, along with moderate inhibition of key metabolic and neurological enzymes, including acetylcholinesterase and tyrosinase. These findings highlight T. trachycarpum as a promising phytochemical source for sustainable nanoparticle synthesis and reveal the multifunctional potential of biosynthesized CuNPs as antioxidant and antimicrobial agents with prospective applications in drug discovery and nanomedicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15121693","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T13:53:30Z","timestamp":1764856410000},"page":"1693","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Plant-Assisted Synthesis, Phytochemical Profiling, and Bioactivity Evaluation of Copper Nanoparticles Derived from Tordylium trachycarpum (Apiaceae)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5314-189X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Venos Saeed","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiotherapy Department, Erbil Technical Health and Medical College, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil 44001, Kurdistan Region, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamaran Younis M.","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Education, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil 44001, Kurdistan Region, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0561-4365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hawraz Ibrahim M.","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil 44001, Kurdistan Region, Iraq"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Pavia University, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"291","article-title":"Phytochemistry and ethnopharmacology of some medicinal plants used in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq","volume":"11","author":"Amin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. 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