{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T04:00:02Z","timestamp":1791259202754,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Boron (B) remains one of the least understood trace elements in human nutrition. Traditionally regarded as non-essential, its biological role has been reevaluated in light of emerging microbiome research. We provide a narrative synthesis of mechanistic, preclinical, and clinical studies to assess whether the colonic actions of B meet accepted criteria for nutritional essentiality. This review revisits B bioavailability through a dual-pathway framework distinguishing plasma-accessible boron (PAB)\u2014small, fully absorbable species with transient systemic effects\u2014from microbiota-accessible boron complexes (MABCs)\u2014indigestible conjugates that reach the colon intact. Evidence indicates that PAB exerts short-term metabolic modulation, whereas MABCs act as prebiotic cofactors that stabilize microbial quorum sensing (autoinducer-2\u2013borate; AI-2B), reinforce the colonic mucus barrier through borate\u2013diol crosslinking, and support host\u2013microbiota symbiosis. Deficiency or low intake of MABCs leads to dysbiosis, barrier fragility, and low-grade inflammation along gut\u2013organ axes\u2014effects reversible by MABC-rich diets. Analytical and clinical tools are proposed to discriminate between PAB and MABC pathways, including fecal B\/speciation, AI-2B assays, and mucus-penetration markers. Recognizing B\u2019s essentiality as a microbiota-dependent nutrient reframes its nutritional assessment, guiding future dietary guidelines and prebiotic design toward the microbiome\u2013mucus interface.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15121711","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T14:52:24Z","timestamp":1765205544000},"page":"1711","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Boron Bioavailability Revisited: From Plasma-Accessible Species to Microbiota-Accessible Complexes\u2014Implications for Nutritional Essentiality"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4715-1423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrei","family":"Bi\u0163\u0103","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rare\u015f Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rare\u015f Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7157-4288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ion Romulus","family":"Scorei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, BioBoron Research Institute, S.C. Natural Research S.R.L., 31B Dun\u0103rii Street, 207465 Podari, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6529-1502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marvin A.","family":"Soriano-Urs\u00faa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Diaz Mir\u00f3n, 11340 Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u0103t\u0103lina Gabriela","family":"Pisoschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rare\u015f Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rare\u015f Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina Elena","family":"Bi\u0163\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rare\u015f Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Dinc\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Relations, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rare\u015f Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"\u015etef\u0103nescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Emergency County Clinical Hospital of Craiova, 1 Tabaci Street, 200642 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9203-7892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria-Victoria","family":"Racu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Agency for Public Health, 67A Georghe Asachi Street, MD-2028 Chi\u015fin\u0103u, Moldova"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iurie","family":"Pinzaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Agency for Public Health, 67A Georghe Asachi Street, MD-2028 Chi\u015fin\u0103u, Moldova"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8597-3407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Florescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rare\u015f Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0500-0312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana-Ruxandra","family":"H\u0103d\u0103reanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rare\u015f Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian Adrian","family":"Silo\u015fi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rare\u015f Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johny","family":"Neam\u0163u","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rare\u015f Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rare\u015f Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan Ionu\u0163","family":"Gheonea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rare\u015f Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6338-9277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George Dan","family":"Mogo\u015fanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rare\u015f Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rare\u015f Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5021-0717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marian Valentin","family":"Zoril\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rare\u015f Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmz110","article-title":"Boron","volume":"11","author":"Nielsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. 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