{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T02:57:11Z","timestamp":1791946631367,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":165,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFA1206100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFA1206100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F252067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F252067"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52373123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52373123"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Beijing Physician Scientist Training Project","award":["BJPSTP-2025-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BJPSTP-2025-01"]}]},{"name":"Undergraduate Innovation Experiment Project","award":["DC20240175"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DC20240175"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the accelerating trend of global population aging, oral and gut diseases are imposing a rising socioeconomic burden, both of which have well-known connections to microbial dysbiosis. As the gateway to the human body, the oral cavity exhibits close interactions with the gastrointestinal tract, which includes translocation of bacteria and bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs), as well as intermucosal immunity and neural signaling. These oral\u2013gut crosstalk pathways play vital roles in the pathogenesis and progression of oral diseases, such as periodontitis, and gut diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Focusing on periodontitis and IBD as representative conditions, this review summarizes current understanding of the oral\u2013gut crosstalk and underlying mechanisms. Among diverse interactions, we emphasize BEVs as effective trans-barrier mediators and their therapeutic potentials during oral\u2013gut crosstalk. Beneficial BEVs, notably those from Akkermansia muciniphila (Akk), exert various probiotic roles, including modulating microbial homeostasis, promoting tissue repair and alleviating inflammation, thereby shedding light on the prevention and treatment of oral and gut diseases, even systemic disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16010026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T09:58:34Z","timestamp":1766570314000},"page":"26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Oral\u2013Gut Microbial Crosstalk and Therapeutic Applications of Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3720-129X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenmei","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ninghan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiale","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4584-1092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bing","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1718-7233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rushui","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Clinical Division, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"161","article-title":"The 4th National Oral Health Survey in the Mainland of China: Background and Methodology","volume":"21","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. 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