{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T19:36:49Z","timestamp":1785353809821,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]],"date-time":"2025-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766620800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Miami Project to Cure Paralysis and the NIH MSTP training","award":["T32 GM145462"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 GM145462"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pediatric hydrocephalus results from the overproduction, obstruction, or inability to resorb cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which may lead to ventricular enlargement. Hydrocephalus may be secondary to other pathologies, including intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). Surgical intervention may include a ventricular access device or a ventriculosubgaleal shunt in premature infants who are too small for permanent CSF diversion. Hydrocephalus, an inflammatory pathology, involves activation of the inflammasome. Elevation in pro-inflammatory proteins is often associated with worsening clinical outcomes in pediatric pathologies. Whether inflammasome proteins are reliable biomarkers for pediatric hydrocephalus has not been established. We analyzed CSF samples via an ELLA assay from pediatric hydrocephalic patients with IVH of prematurity vs. controls and compared changes in inflammasome protein concentrations post-reservoir surgery at different time points. The area under the curve was calculated using receiver operator characteristic curves. The levels of apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC), caspase-1, and interleukin-18 were significantly elevated in pediatric hydrocephalic patients with IVH vs. controls. Thus, these proteins are reliable biomarkers of the inflammatory response in pediatric hydrocephalus following ROC analysis, with an AUC of 1.0 and high sensitivity and specificity at the corresponding cut-off points. Ongoing work seeks to validate these findings in a larger cohort of pediatric hydrocephalic patients with varying etiologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16010035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T00:50:21Z","timestamp":1766710221000},"page":"35","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Feasibility Study on Inflammasome Proteins as Biomarkers in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Pediatric Patients with Hydrocephalus Due to Intraventricular Hemorrhage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1362-706X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"MaryLourdes","family":"Andreu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Castellanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Jackson Memorial Hospital Miami, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert W.","family":"Keane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Jackson Memorial Hospital Miami, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Department of Cellular Physiology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5460-8834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Pablo","family":"de Rivero Vaccari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Jackson Memorial Hospital Miami, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Department of Cellular Physiology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5647-0579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer C.","family":"Mu\u00f1oz Pareja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Jackson Memorial Hospital, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen M.","family":"Bramlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Jackson Memorial Hospital Miami, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL 33125, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. Dalton","family":"Dietrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Jackson Memorial Hospital Miami, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadine A.","family":"Kerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Jackson Memorial Hospital Miami, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8433-3907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather J.","family":"McCrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Jackson Memorial Hospital Miami, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Jackson Memorial Hospital, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00313578","article-title":"A unifying theory for the definition and classification of hydrocephalus","volume":"10","author":"Raimondi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Child\u2019s Nerv. 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