{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T06:50:28Z","timestamp":1766991028999,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In vertebrates, the interleukin-1\u03b2 molecule (IL-1\u03b2) is among the most important proinflammatory cytokines and plays crucial roles in shaping injury progression, immunological challenges, and local and systemic responses to infection. In the current study, a cDNA encoding the IL-1\u03b2 gene in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) (LcIL-1\u03b2) was identified at both the nucleotide and protein levels. Its immune responses were investigated in various tissues from diseased and normal fish. Recombinant rLcIL-1\u03b2 was produced in Escherichia coli. Furthermore, its ability to control two fish pathogenic bacteria, Flavobacterium covae and Streptococcus iniae, was assessed in vitro. Transcriptional expression was quantified by qRT\u2013PCR, which revealed the highest levels in whole blood, followed by the liver, gills and midgut. Immune response analyses of the head kidney, whole blood, liver, gills, spleen and intestines of fish infected with F. covae and S. iniae at concentrations of 1 \u00d7 103, 1 \u00d7 104 and 1 \u00d7 105 CFU\/fish, respectively, revealed significant upregulation of LcIL-1\u03b2 (p &lt; 0.05) for 6\u201324 h (h) after induction. Interestingly, compared with the control treatment, the application of 1, 10 and 100 \u00b5g of rLcIL-1\u03b2 greatly increased the phagocytic activity and phagocytic index of phagocytes (p &lt; 0.05). Antibacterial function analyses of F. covae and S. iniae revealed minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 29.17 and 85.25 \u03bcg\/mL, respectively. Finally, injection of S. iniae following rLcIL-1\u03b2 revealed that 50 and 100 \u00b5g of the target protein demonstrated significant functional activity in safeguarding Asian seabass from these pathogenic bacteria (p &lt; 0.05). This information revealed that LcIL-1\u03b2 in Asian seabass significantly drives immune defense mechanisms against pathogenic bacteria, which is important for the development of effective disease prevention methods for Asian seabass aquaculture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16010046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T06:25:51Z","timestamp":1766989551000},"page":"46","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular Characterization, Expression Responses and Antipathogenic Bacterial Function of Interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2) in Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer Bloch, 1790)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0354-6538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prapansak","family":"Srisapoome","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholayothin Rd., Bangkok 10900, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholayothin Rd., Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chayanee","family":"Muangrerk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholayothin Rd., Bangkok 10900, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholayothin Rd., Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1782-4079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anurak","family":"Uchuwittayakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholayothin Rd., Bangkok 10900, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholayothin Rd., Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ratree","family":"Wongpanya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Road, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmud, M.N., Ansary, A.A., Ritu, F.Y., Hasan, N.A., and Haque, M.M. 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